Mental illness Essay Example for Free

Mental illness Essay Proof written by David Auburn goes through the life of an esteemed mathematician plagued by mental illness. In the beginning of the play Proof we are introduced to a professor at a local Chicago College named Robert. We first are introduced to Robert through a delusion of Catherine’s, another main protagonist of David auburns play. Auburn shows Robert’s genius and madness at various stages throughout the play. Auburn goes on throughout his play to exemplify the impact mental illness has on everyday family life. David Auburn introduces his two protagonist, Catherine and Robert through a delusion of Catherine’s late one night. We learn that Robert is a prestiged mathematician who was plagued with a rare mental illness. David Auburn hints at the idea that Catherine, Roberts’s daughter, was also gifted with the same mathematical skills as her father. In act 1, Robert and Catherine get into an argument over what are good days or bad days. Catherine seems to believe that the good days are those days when you just stay in bed all day and don’t leave, but Robert believes that those are days lost. Robert shows his concern for Catherine when he states â€Å" You sleep till noon, you eat junk food, you don’t work, the dishes pile up in the sink†¦ Some days you don’t get up, you don’t get out of bed†(Auburn 9). Robert worries that Catherine is suffering from depression from witnessing her fathers prolonged illness. Robert thought everyday not doing mathematics was a day lost and couldn’t imagine â€Å" the work you lost, the ideas you didn’t have, discoveries you never made because you were moping in your bed at four in the afternoon. ( Auburn 9). Catherine and Robert seem to have different aspirations in life, Robert wants to discover new mathematical equations when Catherine wants to just relax. While we are lead to believe that Catherine is lazy we get glimpses of her talent for numbers. We see that Catherine is brilliant through the eyes of her father when he says â€Å" Even your depression is mathematical. Stop moping and get to work. The kind of potential you have†( Auburn 10). Robert understands that Catherine has great potential to discover long elegant equations, but refuses to do so for some unspecific reason. Auburn then changes the spotlight from Catherine to Robert when Catherine asks her father if his worked changed after he got sick. This is the first time David Auburn mentioned anything about an illness. Auburn leads us to believe that Catherine who recently turned 25 is worried that she might to develop this same debilitating mental illness as her father. Auburn shows this when Catherine asks Robert how old he was when it all started. Robert goes on to say â€Å"mid-twenties. Twenty- three, four. Is that what you are worried about? † ( Auburn 11). We see that Catherine is terrified that if she tries to do the same work her father did she to will go mad. Robert goes on to comfort Catherine by stating â€Å" Crazy people don’t sit around wondering if they’re nuts†. ( Auburn 12). Catherine then goes to argue with Robert that his reasoning is incorrect because he was crazy and he admitted it, but Robert we then learn that Robert is also dead. This is the first time in David Auburn’s play that the reader’s feel that both Catherine and Robert are and did suffer from a unidentified mental illness. David Auburn leads us to believe that his main protagonist, Robert, has a sever illness called schizophrenia, but we aren’t sure. We notice that Robert has isolated himself and is very much set-aside from the real world. We notice Roberts’s life change from his brilliant mathematician/ college professor to an insane â€Å"graphomaniac†(Auburn 15). Catherine goes on and explains to Hal that Robert’s work has no connections to mathematical greatness, but to the same level as a â€Å"monkey at a typewriter. †( Auburn 15). When Hal says he is â€Å" prepared to look at every page. † (Auburn 15), Catherine says â€Å" no. I’m not crazy†(Auburn 15). This is significant because we as readers question if Catherine is really saying that to Hal or trying to convince herself that she isn’t crazy. We get an idea that Catherine is crazy to. As Robert’s struggle with schizophrenia continues he starts to exemplify some bizarre habits. We aren’t introduced to Robert’s true madness until Catherine comes home from college to visit him. We get the image of a man sitting outside on a cold Chicago winter night without a jacket complaining that the excruciating heat inside the house. We aren’t told specifically that Robert has schizophrenia but we are lead to believe that he is suffering from it. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history†(Schizophrenia). Schizophrenia impacts about 1% of the United Stated Population. Even though schizophrenia isn’t common it still impacts millions of peoples lives each year. Robert exemplifies a lot of the same characteristics a patient who is diagnosed with schizophrenia is having. Many people diagnosed with schizophrenia feel that someone or something wants to harm them. They have a very hard time telling what is real and what is not. Many people with the disorder are terrified of the imaginary people that they withdraw themselves from day to day activity. In Proof Robert â€Å"believed that aliens were sending him messages through the Dewey decimal numbers on the library books. He was trying to work out the code. †(Pg 19) Robert is showing how mentally unstable he is. He is having a hard time telling the difference from what is real and what is not. Robert also struggled with his normal everyday to day routine, leaving a burden on Catherine. Catherine was forced to leave her brilliance based down from Robert and take care of him. When patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia they have a hard time retaining normal day-to-day activities so they rely on other family and friends for help, for Robert, his help came from Catherine. This leaving a terrible burden on Catherine. Robert clearly was mentally unstable and should have been placed in a mental institution with professionals that could have properly treated him. If Catherine had put him in an institution she would have been able to continue on with her schooling and at her fathers brilliance to good work. Her father also may have been able to be cured because of the significant evolve of research on schizophrenia and other mental health issues. As a reader I question Catherine’s decision because I believe that she feared that if she placed her father in an institution Claire, her sister, would try and place Catherine in an institution also. Again that is the whole reason Claire wants Catherine to move back to New York City with her. Auburn leads his readers to question if Catherine â€Å" Dropped out of school† (Auburn 19) to stay and take care of her father, or because she was afraid that she was starting to develop similar symptoms her father had Even though we aren’t told specifically what Roberts’s mental disorder is, we are lead to believe that it is schizophrenia. Robert has exemplified most to all of the symptoms of schizophrenia in many ways. Robert should have been placed in proper care with proper guidance and treatment. With the proper help Catherine could have been able to continue with her studies and move on with her life.

Fatherhood, Responsibility, and the Internet :: Technology Parenting Essays

Fatherhood, Responsibility, and the Internet â€Å"As if you needed another reason not to trust a skank†(Diatribes, par 1). This is the opening statement on one of the endless amounts of websites on the internet. This particular website, and many others, is about a certain aspect of fatherhood. On the web one can find a site about pretty much anything, and when looking into a particular subject like fatherhood they can find all different types of views on fatherhood, organizations of fathers, and even advice about fathering. The website that contains the above sentence is a site that discusses stories about some men that do not believe they should pay child support. In some of the cases, the man is unaware that he was the biological father of the child, but was ordered by court to pay to help support the child. Other cases were about divorced couples where the man is upset about providing for the children after the separation even if they are his biological children. In the view of Daniel Callahan, the author of the article â€Å"Bioethics and Fatherhood†, this website is nonsense. He argues that, â€Å"given the obvious importance of procreation in bringing human life into existence, fathers have a significant moral responsibility for the children they voluntarily procreate†. In the situations where the biological fathers just don’t want to give up their money for the children, Callahan’s argument can be directly applied. For the other cases, the argument ca n still be used because those men had believed that they were the real fathers at first. The fact that they aren’t obligated to take on the responsibility of caring for that child, does not mean that all responsibility should be taken off the real biological father and put on the man that thought he was. The website, Women’s Health Care Services, also agrees with argument and says, â€Å"The father of a child has a legal responsibility to provide for the support, educational, medical and other needs of that child.† Therefore the dad should at least be there financially for their child. The men in the Diatribes site also are hostile and put the blame on the mothers. Fatherhood, Responsibility, and the Internet :: Technology Parenting Essays Fatherhood, Responsibility, and the Internet â€Å"As if you needed another reason not to trust a skank†(Diatribes, par 1). This is the opening statement on one of the endless amounts of websites on the internet. This particular website, and many others, is about a certain aspect of fatherhood. On the web one can find a site about pretty much anything, and when looking into a particular subject like fatherhood they can find all different types of views on fatherhood, organizations of fathers, and even advice about fathering. The website that contains the above sentence is a site that discusses stories about some men that do not believe they should pay child support. In some of the cases, the man is unaware that he was the biological father of the child, but was ordered by court to pay to help support the child. Other cases were about divorced couples where the man is upset about providing for the children after the separation even if they are his biological children. In the view of Daniel Callahan, the author of the article â€Å"Bioethics and Fatherhood†, this website is nonsense. He argues that, â€Å"given the obvious importance of procreation in bringing human life into existence, fathers have a significant moral responsibility for the children they voluntarily procreate†. In the situations where the biological fathers just don’t want to give up their money for the children, Callahan’s argument can be directly applied. For the other cases, the argument ca n still be used because those men had believed that they were the real fathers at first. The fact that they aren’t obligated to take on the responsibility of caring for that child, does not mean that all responsibility should be taken off the real biological father and put on the man that thought he was. The website, Women’s Health Care Services, also agrees with argument and says, â€Å"The father of a child has a legal responsibility to provide for the support, educational, medical and other needs of that child.† Therefore the dad should at least be there financially for their child. The men in the Diatribes site also are hostile and put the blame on the mothers.

Examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined

The aim of this laboratory experiment is to examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined. The microstructure of the specimen is determined and calculations such as tensile strength, yield strength etc were clearly recorded. Also, the background theory was stated, the apparatus and procedure used to achieve the experiment was described. The main part of this lab report is the discussion on the results and how close they've been calculated to the original theoretical values by taking into consideration some external experimental errors. The last part of this report is the conclusion on the whole procedure. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this lab report is by using a tensile testing machine (Hounsfield tensometer), to determine mechanical properties of three different plain carbon steel materials (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel). Also, their grain structure is to be examined using a Metallurgical microscope. BACKGROUND The three different materials are the low-carbon, medium-carbon and high carbon steels. Their tensile strength is examined which by definition is explained as the amount of stress that a material can resist when a force pulls it along its length until a complete deformation takes place. A ductile material is a material that contains the properties of plasticity and tenacity and it's able to change its shape when a force acts on it and can keep that changed shape even after that force is removed. (Timings R. 2006) The tensile test is mainly used to specify the strength and ductility of a material. Also the tensile test involves: 1. Material showing a yield point which is the point that an extension takes place without any increase in load 2. Proof stress which is used to determine the amount of plastic deformation. 3. Secant modulus which is used to determine the elasticity of the material. (Timings R. 2006) Plain carbon steels: Ferrous metals are basically a metallic material (iron) and it means that iron is combined with carbon. Iron and carbon, the simplest of the ferrous metals (Latin ferrum=iron), are the main elements of plain carbon steels. Low-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,1-0,3% in addition to impurities. This kind of steels cannot be directly hardened by heat treatment, but they can be readily carburized and case hardened. The type of medium-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,3-0,5%. They can be toughened by heat treatment. All types of high carbon steels (carbon content 0,8-1,0%) are extremely strong and their response to heat treatment is better than the medium-carbon steels. However, because of the high carbon content they can be hardened to a high degree of hardness. (Timings R. 2006) The iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram in figure1 helps to study and learn more about the microstructure of carbon steels as well as their heat treatment. Figure1. â€Å"The Fe-C phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected.† (1) â€Å"At the low-carbon end of the Fe-C phase diagram, we distinguish ferrite (alpha-iron), which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt. % C at 738 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and austenite (gamma-iron), which can dissolve 2.08 wt. % C at 1154 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.† (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In order to complete this test, three tensile test specimens, each of different carbon content, are given. Also a tensometer machine is available in order to tense the specimens. The machine works as follows: Firstly, the specimen is placed on the machine and a force pulls it along its length. This force is measured (in kN) on a digital force meter which is connected to the machine. On the top there is a cylinder with a graph paper around it in order to sketch a graph of force against the extension of the specimen. This is done by moving the pointer on the graph paper by 0,5kN respectively and pointing on the graph each time the reading on the digital force meter increases by 0,5kN, for instance, if the reading reaches 1,0kN the pointer has to be pointing at 1,0kN and by the time that the reading is 1,0kN a point is sketched on the graph. (See figure 2 below) Figure 2. Furthermore, measurements of the length and cross-sectional area were taken before and after the test in order to determine the percentages of elongation and the reduction in area. The last part of the experiment is to examine the three micro-specimens given which is the exact same material and condition as the three materials used on the tensile machine and determine the percentage of the carbon content of their grain structure. This is done by using a Metallurgical Microscope. RESULTS The results of the experiment were calculated and recorded on a table as shown below: Test piece material % carbon content Yield strength (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) % elongation % reduction in area Specimen A Low-carbon steel 0,1 315 430 37 66 Specimen D Medium-carbon steel 0,4 475 660 28 62 Specimen N High-carbon steel 0,8 932 960 13 30 All the specimens had normalized treatment conditions. Graphs were plotted for every specimen, which state clearly the points of force and extension. (See Tables below) The ultimate tension strength (uts) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (3) The yield strength (ys) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (4) The elongation percentage (elon.) was calculated by the following formulae: â€Å"† (5) The reduction in cross-sectional area (red.csa) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"x 100† (6) Microstructure results The following specimens are the result of the experiment. The white region of each specimen is ferrite and the gray region is pearlite. The carbon content is determined using the iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram. SPECIMEN A SPECIMEN D SPECIMEN N DISCUSSION The experiment is now completed and a discussion about the results is made. The values calculated in the experiment are going to meet the theoretical values of the three specimens used. In the table below all the results were recorded: CALCULATED THEORETICAL Low carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 430 162-3200 YS (N/mm2) 315 140-2400 ELONGATION (%) 37 1-48 REDUCTION A. (%) 66 13-99 Medium carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 660 450-2290 YS (N/mm2) 475 245-1940 ELONGATION (%) 28 0.6-34.2 REDUCTION A. (%) 62 0.2-71.4 High carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 960 161-3200 YS (N/mm2) 932 275-2750 ELONGATION (%) 13 1.9-30 REDUCTION A. (%) 30 13.4-75.2 The table above show clearly that the calculated values are close to the theoretical values. This means that the experiment was successful and the calculation were correct. Although, there's always a small percentage error in every experiment. The most common error in every experiment is the human error and this is the main type of error that may took place in this experiment. Also, differences in temperature and the purity of the material used is an important issue. Furthermore, from the examination of determining the grain structure of each material under the microscope the difference between them was very clear. For instance, the different amount of ferrite and pearlite could be identified, high-carbon steel had darker color than low and medium carbon steels which means that the amount of pearlite is almost 100%. Also, from the tables plotted on the tensometer machine the load that every specimen could withstand, the elongation percentage and the reduction in cross-sectional area were different. By considering these values, low-carbon steels have the least amount of load before complete deformation and the most percentage on both reduction in cross-sectional and elongation of the three specimens. This means that low-carbon steels have the least amount of carbon. In addition, low carbon steels can be defined as ductile materials. Medium-carbon and high-carbon steels are less ductile have les percentage of elongation. This means that they are harder and they are applied more load in order for deformation to take place. Finally, the last part of the discussion is about the different yield point of the three specimens. If the graphs are considered, a sudden fall of the load appears to take place on the graphs of low and medium carbon steels during the procedure. This means that the two specimens faced a reduction in cross-sectional area (also known as necking). This doesn't seem to happen to the specimen of high-carbon steel which means that the deformation took place without having any noticeable reduction in cross-sectional area as the load was kept increasing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the three specimens where tested and results were given. Since the calculated values meet the theoretical values, the experiment was successful. Discussion about the ductility and the main structure of the given specimens was made and also the differences between them were stated.

Globalization and its effect on the South African economy...

1. Introduction Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. [Hill, 2003: pg6] South Africa provides a unique opportunity to observe the effects of globalization in that the pre democratic period was a period of very little globalization, which can be contrasted with the democratic period which has been characterised by rapid globalization. This sharp contrast emphasises the effects that globalization has on a country. The essay is a longitudinal study that seeks to understand the impact of globalization on the JSE Securities Exchange, since the democratic elections in South Africa. Firstly this essay will analyse the impact globalization has had on South Africa in general. Then the essay†¦show more content†¦The theory has implications for inequality within a country (Stopler Samuelson) and between countries (Factor Price Equalization). The Stopler-Samuelson theory, which builds on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, predicts that with increased trade, the nations abundant factor will gain and the scarce factor will lose. In terms of income inequality within a country this means that by increasing trade the lower income group, which control the abundant and cheap factor would realise an increase in income and the higher income group controlling the scarce resources would see a fall in income. The assertion by Stopler and Samuelson that increased trade would cause a decrease in inequality within a country is not strongly supported by empirical evidence. A study by Dollar and Kraay [2001] shows that in the period between 1960 and 1995, inequality has in fact slightly increased within countries that the authors have termed globalizers . The empirical evidence, however, does support the Factor-Price Equalization theorem, which states that the movement of factors between countries is replaced by trade in final goods, thus international trade brings about an equalization of relative factor prices between countries. Dollar and Kraay [2001] use empirical evidence toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Credit Management on the Profitability of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria (a Case Study of Guiness Nigeria Plc3653 Words   |  15 Pagesoptimal allocation of resources across the global economy (Jacob and Madu, 2009). Cai and Wong (2010) posited that having a single set of internationally acceptable financial reporting standards will eliminate the need for restatement of financial statements, yet ensure accounting diversity among countries, thus facilitating cross-border movement of capital and greater integration of the global financial markets. 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