Writing a Dissertation Proposal

Writing a Dissertation ProposalWriting a thesis is not a very easy thing to do, and also not a common thing to do. But if you want to be an academic, you have to know what to do so that it is not hard for you to do it.The first thing to do is to decide how the material of your thesis can be organized. This will help you in writing a thesis proposal. In other words, a thesis is the set of documents that contain all the information about your research.The first step in preparing your thesis proposal is to gather the required materials. In other words, all the files needed. In your research you should have three folders, each containing one document. They are called thesis, application, and proposal.Once you have done this, you have to prepare your thesis proposal. A thesis proposal is the part of the process where you are proposing to send your thesis to the college or university of your choice. The first paragraph of your thesis proposal should contain the summary of your research, th e details of your thesis, and the other chapters that you are writing.So, in your own self, this is the very first step that you have to follow when you want to write a's thesis proposal. In other words, what you will do in your own self is to organize the material that you are going to give.The next step to take in writing a thesis proposal is the completion of the research. This step will be very important as it will show the faculty member's the end result of your research. In other words, this will show the faculty members what you are planning to do and what you have learned from it.After this step, the remaining steps should only be taken by you or your advisor or the other faculty members that you are going to meet. Your mentor or faculty will tell you how you are going to organize and format your material for submission. When you write the thesis, make sure that the guidelines that you have listed to do in advance are followed.

Buildings Resources

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7686 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Background and Justification of project Buildings are climate modifiers which provide indoor environments. These are essential to the well being and the social and economic developments of mankind. However, they are also intensive resources consumers and hence, they require enormous amount of materials and energy in their construction and maintenance. During the construction period and while they are demolished at the end of their life, buildings generate huge amount of solid wastes and various types of emissions, such as particulates, noise and various kinds of liquid effluents. According to Hall (2003 ) and Anink (1996) the building industry accounts for around one-tenth of the worlds GDP, at least 7% of its jobs, half of all resources used and up to 40% of energy used and green house gas emission. Hill and Bowen (1997) discussed how the applications of modern technology, together with the increasing population, are leading to the rapid depletion of the earths physical resources. Hall (2003) also estimated that by 2025, the world population would reach 8 billion and 98% of the increase in the population would be in developing countries. With time, the construction industry is expanding and the rate of resource depletion is not sustainable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Buildings Resources | Constuction Dissertations" essay for you Create order As it can be imagined, construction materials and products are essential to life with respect to both buildings and infrastructure. Humans spend around 80% of their time (on average) in some type of building or on roads. Construction products play a major role in improving the energy efficiency of buildings and also contribute to economic prosperity (Edwards, 2003). On the other hand, construction products also produce a considerable impact on the environment. The Worldwatch Institute estimates that 40% of the worlds materials and energy is used in buildings. However, according to Anink (1996), the construction sector is responsible for 50% of the material resources taken from nature and 50% of total waste generated. Also, Rodman and Lenssen (1993) pointed that buildings account for one-sixth of the worlds freshwater withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows. The impact of construction products relative to the overall lifetime impa ct of a building is currently 10-20%. For infrastructure this value is significantly higher, greater than 80% in some cases. In Mauritius, nearly all the main resources in a building are imported, e.g. steel and cement. An average of 600 000 tonnes of cement are imported annually in Mauritius. As our country is currently going through a boom in the construction sector, the figures are expected to increase. The price of crude oil has more thandoubled on the world market during the past years. This has had a direct impact on nearly all the construction materials which are imported and produced locally. While choosing for construction materials, many do not think about the impacts that the material have on the environment. The environmental impacts of building materials are increasing day by day. Therefore, environmental impacts have become an increasingly important consideration in selecting building materials for the construction. Consequently, life cycle assessment has become an important tool in analysing natural resources and emissions generated in manufacturing processes. Winistorfer and Zhangjing (2004) said that life cycle assessment refers to the analysis of the environmental impact of a product through every step of its life. It includes environment impacts while the product is manufactured, used and disposed. The objective of a life cycle analysis is to quantify environmental influences of a product through input and output analysis. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project was to calculate all the resource energy and associated greenhouse gas emissions linked to construction of a typical residential house in Mauritius. Simapro Life Cycle Analysis software was used to calculate all the resource energy and greenhouse gas emission from the building. The objectives were to: quantify all the resources required for the construction of the typical residential house estimate the weight of the building minimise the use of resources in building thereby reducing the greenhouse gas emission and ensuring a cleaner production. To satisfy the aim and objectives of the project, a virtual house was selected to carry out the analysis. The house used was obtained from the central statistics office. It represents the most common type of building in Mauritius. The size of the house is 128m2. All the quantities of materials used for the construction of the building were calculated. Using Simapro life cycle assessment software, the energy requirement and CO2 emission of each material was obtained. Also, the weight of the house was calculated using the unit weight of reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Structure of Report A literature search was done and the findings were included in chapter 2. The latter describes how the building consumes all the different resources, energy requirements and the environmental impacts of building. Also, the benefits of sustainable building and of recycling waste, in order to recover the energy, were discussed. A detailed methodology, which was adopted to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, was described in chapter 3. The key results and discussions were presented in chapter 4. Finally, conclusions, recommendations and further works were dealt with in chapter 5. Literature Review Building: direct consumption of resources There is growing concern that human activity is affecting the global and local ecosystem severely enough to potentially cause permanent changes to some ecosystemsand potentially cause them to crash. Boyle (2005) suggested that there must be a reduction factor of 20 to 50 in resource consumption and efficiency in order to achieve technologies which are sustainable. Sustainable technologies will be particularly significant to the construction industry which is a major consumer of resources. The pie chart below gives a repartition of all the primary materials resources used in the construction industry in 1998. Figure 2.1 Repartition of primary resources in the construction industry (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Review, 2006) Despite the fact that every house makes use of different quantity of resources, according to US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network, a standard wood-frame house uses 4047 m2 (one acre) of forest and produces 3-7 tonne of waste during construction. Lippiatt (1999) stated that building consumes 40% of the gravel, sand and stone, 25% of the timber, 40% of the energy and 16% of the water used globally per year. Boyle (2005) estimated that in UK itself, about 6 tonnes of building materials were used annually for every member of the population. Much of the waste and consumption of resources occurred during the extraction and processing of the raw materials. For example, mining requires water and energy, consumes land and produces significant quantities of acidic contaminated gas, liquid and solid wastes (Boyle, 2005). A second example which can be used is that of timber. The cultivation of trees requires significant space for cultivation and amount of fertilizers. Moreover, the harvesting and processing phases of timber make use of considerable amounts of energy. Trees are also grown in plantations which require old-growth forest and significantly reduce biodiversity. Energy is also used extensively in the transportation of raw materials. Fossils fuels are used for the transportation, extraction and harvesting of the material, thereby releasing greenhouse gases and a range of air pollutants. Processing of metals and mineral often results in major gas emissions. The concrete industry is a major producer of carbon dioxide whereas on the other hand, aluminium smelting produces perfluorocarbons (Boyle, 2005). These two are very powerful greenhouse gases. According to the Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review (2006), emissions to the air by the construction industry in 1998 were just over 30 million tonnes in total, of which over 97% was carbon dioxide. Of the 30 million tonnes of emissions, over 70% came from mineral extraction and product manufacture. The table below shows the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK. Table 2.1 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review, 2006) Emission generated by: Tonnage (Kt ) Mineral extraction, product and material manufacture 19,817 Transport of product and material 2,543 Transport of secondary and recycled product 675 Construction and demolition site activity 3,764 Transport related to construction and demolition site activity 1,291 Transport of waste from product and material manufacture 20 Transport of construction and demolition waste 219 Total CO2 equivalent emissions to the atmosphere 28,327 As it can be seen, from Table 2.1, a total of 28 327 Ktonnes of CO2equivalent emissions were generated by the construction industry in UK and much of these emissions occurred during the mineral extraction and product and material manufacture. Over the lifespan of a building, the material will have to be maintained and stored in good condition whereas, in some cases, replaced. Every five to fifteen years, exterior coatings, guttering, piping, walls, and flooring will require repair or replacement. By effective maintenance, requirements for replacement are reduced by a significant amount. The decisions here are not taken by the builder or designer regardless of the original design. Concerningthe material used for the repair and the maintenance of the building, it is the owner who takes the decision. During the lifespan of a building, the overall investment of resources into the building needs to be considered (Boyle, 2005).Buildings can be constructed and designed in such a way that they can last for more than hundred years. Additionally, many traditional buildings are designed in such a way that they can last beyond 200 years (Morel, 2001). However, many designers are now planning buildings for a lifespan of only 50 years or even less despite using durable materials requiring minimal maintenance. Such materials reduce the requirement for repairs or replacement. Hence, simply designing and maintaining a building for 400 yearsrather than 50 can potentially reduce its environmental effect from material resources by up to a factor of 4 (Boyle, 2005). Energy requirements of a building Cole and Carnan (1996) found that the energy that is consumed during the life cycle of a residential building includes energy used in producing building materials and constructing the structure. Also, energy is used in occupying and maintaining the building, and in demolishing or deconstructing the structure at the end of its serviceable life. According to Cole and Carnan (1996), the energy consumed in building can be classified in three categories: 1) energy to initially produce the building; 2) energy to operate the building, and; 3) energy to demolish and dispose of the building at the end of its effective life. During the extraction, processing and transportation of material as well as during the construction as mentioned earlier large amount of energy is consumed. Morel et al. (2001) found that costs could be reduced by more than a factor of 6 during construction by the use of energy of local materials. The local materials studied by Morel et al. (2001) included rammed earth, stone, timber which were compared to the use of imported concrete. Consequently, Morel et al found that the imported concrete required significant energy for processing. Treloar et al. (2001) found that, by using a concrete binder, rammed earth had an energy load equivalent to that of a brick veneer construction due to the energyrequired in processing the cement. Boyle (2005) stated that energy is the major resource consumed in buildings and 90% of the energy consumption is over the operational lifespan of the building. Therefore, significant decrease in energy consumption assists in reducing the resource consumption and improving efficiency. Although a house can be designed to a totally self-sufficient condition for energy and water, much depends on the location, that is, the climate, the availability and potability oflocal water sources as well as the attitude of the user. The designer or builder can incorporate some energy saving devices and design such a water heater, passive heating, and composting toilets, which are suitable for local conditions. Furthermore, such devices and designs will only be incorporated if a significant profit can be generated. Many developers resist including energy- saving measures unless they are required by local councils or are considered essentially by buyers in the local community. Cole and Kernan (1996) fo und that the energy used to heat, cool, provide artificial lighting, and power typically used appliances in buildings accounts for more than 30% of Canadas national energy use. Approximately two-thirds of this consumption is attributed to residential buildings and the remainder to commercial buildings. The US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network estimated that, the annual average energy consumption for one story concrete building, the annual average energy consumption is 63GJ. However, Zydeveld (1998) pointed out that up to 80% savings in heating water and improving the indoor air quality and thermal comfort could be made in the Netherlands with the inclusion of passive solar design with an additional 10% cost in construction. Therefore, savings of 90% could be achieved. Four major design principles enabled architects and builders to incorporate passive solar designinto their buildings: solarorientation; maximizing the solar gain through low surface loss and high internal volume; high mass within the insulation and avoiding of shading. The rise in use of material in the low energy building can, however, mean that there is an increased consumption of material and energy overall. Thormark (2002) discovered that up to 45% of the total energy used is in the embodied energy in a low-energy building and that such a building could have a greater total energy use than that of a building with a higher operating energy consumption. Besides, he also said that 37-42% of the embodiedenergy could be recoveredby recycling of materials. Embodied Energy According to an unknown author (2007), Embodied Energy is the amount of energy that has gone into the making of a material or things made with materials. A very high percentage of the worlds energy is derived from fossil fuels which, when burnt, release vast amounts of CO2. As the production of energy from fossil fuels is environmentally unfriendly, materials and things that have a lower embodied energy are more sustainable than those with a higher embodied energy. On average, 0.098 tonnes of CO2 are produced per gigajoule of embodied energy (Sustainable built environment 2007). Source: Sustainable Technologies (1996) Figure 2.2: Embodied Energy of the different building materials The embodied energy per unit mass of materials used in a building varies enormously from about two gigajoules per tonne for concrete, to hundreds of gigajoules per tonne for aluminium.(Figure 2.2). The reuse of materials commonly saves about 95% of embodied energy which could otherwise be wasted (Sustainable Built Environment 2007). According to Fichtner Report (1999), in Mauritius, steel is the only waste material generated from the construction industry which is recycled, implying that most of the embodied energy of the materials is wasted. Resource Efficiency in a building According to the report Construction Resource Efficiency Review (2006), resource efficiency is about the sustainable use of resources. Indeed, there should be effective use and management of all the resources available to the industry while at the same time optimising output and profit. There is much emphasis on the use of all the physical resources (water, energy, etc) and materials used in the production and operation cycle. As minimum resource is used in the manufacture of the product, profits can be made by increasing productivity. Resource efficiency can also be achieved by reducing the wastes. As far as the construction industry is concerned, there is a need to focus on sustainable consumption of resources. Buildings can be built with fewer resources while looking at the same time at the impacts of the building on the environment. Sustainable Buildings Buildings have a tremendous impact on our environmental quality, resource use, human health and productivity. According to Nicholas S. (2003), sustainable building meets current building needs and reduces impacts on future generations by integrating building materials and methods that promote environmental quality, economic vitality, and social benefit through the design, construction and operation of our built environment. Sustainable building, also referred as green building, involves the consideration of many issues, including land use, site impacts, indoor environment, energy and water use, lifecycle impacts of building materials, and solid waste. Benefits of Sustainable Building There are a number of environmental, social, and economic benefits which we can enjoy from a sustainable building. Miriam L. (1999) gives some benefits of sustainable building to the environment, which are as follows: air and water quality protection soil protection and flood prevention solid waste reduction energy and water conservation climate stabilization ozone layer protection natural resource conservation open space, habitat, and species/biodiversity protection Also, sustainable building can have other benefits for designers, contractors, occupants, construction workers, developers, and owners. These benefits include: Improved health, comfort, and productivity/performance As mentioned earlier, people spend 80 % of their life in some buildings. It is reported that 30 % of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may be linked to symptoms of sick building syndrome (WHO 1984). Particular Symptoms are:- Headache Eye, nose or throat irritation Dry cough Dizziness Fatigue Sensitivity to odors Sick building syndrome (SBS) is normally caused by fungi and bacteria that build up because of inadequate fresh air ventilation in structures. Therefore, improving the indoor environment of the building can reduce the effect of SBS. Lower construction costs The cost of the building can be lowered by reducing the use of material and saving on disposal costs because of recycling. For example, recycled aggregate can be used as filler material. Lower operating costs As discussed earlier in chapter 2.10, the use of energy can be reduced in a building by designing the building such that it gets maximum sunlight, and in so doing, cutting down expenses concerning electricity. This has a great impact for people with low income, who spend much of their salary in paying utility bills. Life Cycle Assessment .Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and materials used and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process or activity, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal. Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice, SETAC, Brussels (1990). There are four main components of LCA, which are as follows: Goal definition and scoping: Identify the LCAs purpose and the expected products of the study. Also, he needs to determine the boundaries and assumptions based upon the goal definition Life-cycle inventory: Quantify the raw material and energy inputs during each stage of production. Moreover, environmental releases are also taken into account. Impact analysis: Assess the impacts on human health and the environment associated with energy, raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified by the inventory. -Improvement analysis: Evaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle. For this project, only the environmental impacts (carbon dioxide emission) and energy used from the manufacture of all the materials utilised in the construction of a typical residential house were considered. Construction Waste The construction energy generates an enormous amount of waste. Rogoff and Williams (1994) pointed out that in the USA, wastes from the construction industry contributed to approximately 20 %, in Australia 30% and in UK more than 50 % of the overall landfill volumes in each country. The Building Research Establishment (1982) has defined waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building projects. Serpell and Alarcon (1998) defined construction waste as any material by product that does not have any residual value. But this is not true for the construction and demolition waste as much as the waste can be reduced or recycled. By reducing the level of waste in the construction industry, it benefits the environment and lowers the cost of the project. Bossink and Brouwers (1996) estimated that about 1-10% by weight of the purchase construction material leaves the site of residential projects as waste. However Guthrie et al. (1998) found that at least 10 % of all the raw materials which are delivered on most construction sites are wasted through damage, loss and over-ordering. A study carried by Dabycharun (2004), pointed out that a residential house in Mauritius generates about 0.2-0.5 tonne/m2 of waste. He carried out questionnaire interview in order to get this figure. However, the Fichtner report (1999) states that during the construction of an average private house of 140 m2, 8-10 tonne of mixed waste are generated. Skoyles and Skoyles (1987) identified two main kinds of building construction waste and finishing waste. Structure waste consists of fragments, reinforcement bars, abandoned timer plate and pieces which are generated during the finishing stage of a building. For example it comprises of surplus cement motar arising from screeding scatters over the floors inside the building. There are two distinct procedures in minimising the amount of in landfill sites through the construction process. The first one is to reduce the amount of waste generated through source reduction techniques both on site and during the design and procurement phases of a building project. The second procedure is to improve the management of the unavoidable waste generated on site. In managing the unavoidable waste, there are three options in order of preference. They are as follows: Reuse Recycling Disposal The balance between the three will depend upon the nature of the materials wasted, legislative requirements for the specific materials and the cost effectiveness of each option. The cost will in turn depend upon the availability of reusing and recycling options and the opportunities for reuse on a specific project. Recycled materials, while requiring transportation and reprocessing, consume significantly fewer resources compared to the extraction and processing of raw materials. This is particularly true for metal such as iron, copper and aluminium. These metals can be reproduced to a quality equal to that of raw material processing. Both concrete and timber can be recycled or reused but with the defect that the quality of the final product is often diminished. By crushing concrete, we canreuse it as an aggregate for some purposes, particularly like paving (Boyle, 2005). But, it was found by Millard and al. (2004) that from the recycled aggregate found in the construction and demolition waste, concrete blocks can be manufactured. Also, coarse recycled aggregates can be used in new concrete (Limbachia, 2004). Good grade timber can be used in the making of furniture. It is strongly stated not to use supporting timber since it is difficult to determine whether a used timber beam has stress cracks or other weak points. In other countries, plastics can be recycled into a number of construction products, including tiles, lumber, heating and wire insulation and carpet. According to Huang and Hsu (2003), each year in Taiwan over 10106 tonnes of construction material are extracted for their usage and more than 40106 tonnes of construction waste are disposed without recycling. Significant amounts of asphalt were present in the waste. However, if it was recycled, this would have decreased the amount of asphalt which was imported. Thormark(2002) pointed out that recycled concrete, clay brick and lightweight concrete can meet the total need for gravel in new houses and in renovation. Materials and Methods The next part of the dissertation was the methodology. In this section, an analysis was carried out on the different resources used for the construction of a single-storey house and the CO2 emission from each of the different resources. Therefore, a house had to be selected to carry out the analysis Selection of a typical house The house model used for the analysis was basically a virtual detached house which occupied a space of 128.30 squares metres floor area. The floor area was measured at plinth level to the external face of the external wall. The plan of the typical house model was obtained from the Central Statistics Office which was originally provided by the Mauritius Housing Company Limited. The house represented the most common type of residential house in Mauritius. The plan of the house is found in appendix A. The building constitutes of two bedrooms, a living-dining room, a kitchen, a toilet, a bathroom, a verandah and an attached garage. It was assumed to be built up of concrete block walls, reinforced concrete flat roof, internal flush plywood doors, glazed metal openings, screened floor and roof, tiling to floor and walls of W.C, and bathroom and kitchen worktop; the ceiling and walls were rendered and painted both internally and externally. It should also be noted that in the event the single-storey building would need to be converted into a two-storey house, an additional provision of more substantial foundation and of stub columns of the roof has already been made. Calculation of different resources Various materials and other resources were needed during the construction of the house. These can be broken down in different input categories. The input categories (different components) for the construction comprised of labour, hire of plant, materials and transport. The materials were further broken down into hardcore fillings (remplissage), cement, sand, timber for carpentry and joinery, metal openings, ceramic tiles, glass and putty, plumbing, sanitary installation, electrical installation and other miscellaneous expenses. The weightage of the components, shown in table 3.0, was calculated by a private firm of Quantity Surveyors for the Central Statistics Offices use. The firm had identified nineteen stages through which the construction of the house had gone through. The cost for each stage was calculated. Detailed cost of each inputs in terms of plant, labour, materials and transport that go into the construction of typical residential house were calculated. According to the Statician, Jagai D. (pers. Comm., 19 November 2007), the construction of the single storey building, in the year 2001, was estimated by the quantity surveyor to be Rs 550,000. the weight was calculated so that each input category represented a fraction of the price for the residential building. Table 3.0 Weightage of different Input categories (Source: construction price index,2007) Input categories Weight / % Labour Skilled workers Unskilled workers 16.8 17.7 Plant Mixer Breaker Metal plaques 0.7 0.9 1.4 Materials Hardcore Cement Rocksand Aggregate Block Steel bars Galvanised corrugated iron sheeting Timber carpentry joinery Metal openings metal sections metal fittings garage door Ceramics tiles Glass Putty Paint Plumbing pipes fittings water tank Sanitary lavabo toilet sink fittings Electrical wires fittings Other 1.0 10.0 6.1 2.9 4.4 5.8 1.2 3.9 4.2 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.3 0.6 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 Transport 5.3 = 100 The various materials from the input categories which had been used for the analysis were Cement, Rockand, Aggregate, Block, Steel bars, Glass and Ceramic tiles. As it can be observed from table 3.0, all the different components have been attributed a weightage to tally 100 for all the input categories used in the construction of the single-storey house in the base year 2001. As mentioned earlier, the total cost of the single storey house in the base year 2001 was Rs 550,000. While following up on the various increases in the individual prices of the different components from the base year to September 2007, it has been noted that the prices of the materials have experienced an average increase of 51.6% in the total price (Construction price index, 2007). Hence, applying the 51.6% increase, the cost of the house as at September 2007 has reached up to Rs 833,800. Therefore, we can now have an idea of the quantities of each component, based on the total cost, which would be needed for the construction of the building. To illustrate this, cement was taken as an example. It has been calculated from the Index that cement makes up 10% of the total weightage of the materials used. Therefore, it can be deduced that the total amount of cement for the construction of the building will cost (10% x 833,800) Rs 83,380 as at 30 September 2007. Hence, using the index, the cost of each component can be computed individually. For example, if the price of one cement bag is known, the number of bags of cement needed for the construction of the building can also be calculated. To check whether the weightage allocated by the quantity surveyor was adequate or not, a quantity take off exercise work was carried out on one of the materials used. Block work was selected for that purpose. By knowing the weightage attributed to the block and the unit price, 2174 blocks was obtained. However, by quantity takeoff, 2216 blocks was calculated. There is a marginal difference in the number of blocks. Therefore, the weightage allocated can be considered to be realistic and reliable. Similarly all the different materials were calculated. Calculation of energy resources and green house gas The Simapro Life-Cycle Assessment Software was used to calculate the greenhouse gas emission and energy resources of each of the calculated materials in section 3.2. The resource energy is an estimation of all the energies which have been used for the different processes to manufacture the material. Similarly, during each process, green house gas is emitted. Estimating the weight of the building Every house has a weight which is being supported on the soil. In order to have an estimate of it, unit weight of reinforced concrete, concrete block and ceramic tiles were used. Concrete work Concrete work included concrete for slabs, columns, beams, floor, strip footing and pad footing. Knowing the unit weight of reinforced concrete, the total weight of the concrete used in the house can be calculated. In this case, a unit weight of 25 KPa for the reinforced concrete was used. However, concrete work excludes all finishing works. Blocks A unit weight of 2.85 KPa was used for calculating the weight of blocks in the building. It included for the rendering of the blocks and the mortar between the blocks joint. Therefore, having the weight of each unit, the total weight of the blocks used in the house can be calculated. Ceramic tiles Assuming that the tile is of 30 cm by 30 cm and having a weight of 0.2 kg, the total weight of the ceramic tiles used in the house can be estimated. Therefore, if the weight of all the materials in the house is known, an estimate of the overall weight of the building can be found. Results and Discussion Introduction In order to satisfy the aim of the project, calculations and a quantity take off exercise were carried out and using the Simapro Life Cycle Analysis Software greenhouse gas emissions and resource energy were obtained. The calculation is presented in the Appendices B and C. The main results are discussed in the following section. Results for Steel bars used For the pad foundation, 12mm diameter steel bars (Y12) were used. Moreover, 10mm diameter bars (Y10) were used in columns and beams, 8mm diameter (Y08) for the bottom bars (B1 and B2) and one of the top bars in slabs and stirrups had a diameter of 6mm (R06). It was assumed that the length of standard size of a regular steel bar to be 9m. By doing bar bending schedule, 180Y10 were used, in the 20 columns which were found in the typical residential house. Moreover, 44.5Y10 were used in the beams. And 159Y08 and R06 were used in the slabs and in the columns as shear links. The total price of all these is Rs 48 296 (Appendix B) The table 4.0 below shows the quantities obtained for different diameters of steel bars used. The mass of each steel bar was also calculated by multiplying the length of the steel bars by the quantity and the multiplying factor. Table 4.0 Total mass and quantity of steel bars used Bar diameter/ mm Quantity Multiplying factor Total Mass/ Kg 12 20 0.888 159.84 10 44.5 0.616 246.71 8 159 0.395 565.25 6 159 0.222 317.68 = 1289.48 1289 kg of steel were required for the construction of a 128 m2 (1381 Sq. feet) house. Results for Cement It is a basic ingredient of concrete (grade 15 and grade 20), mortar and plaster. Concrete grade 15 was used for the casting of the blinding layer while grade 20 was used for casting of slab, columns and beams. To calculate the amount of cement required, it was assumed that the price of a 50 kg bag of cement was Rs. 208.80 (Source: local Hardware shop). Using the weight and the total price of the residential house, the total price obtained for cement was Rs. 83 270 (refer to Appendix B). Approximately, 20 tonnes of cement were required for the construction of the house. Results for Rocksand and Aggregate Aggregate and rocksand were used in the making of concrete grade 15 and 20. It was assumed that the price of one tonne of Rocksand and aggregate to be Rs 380 and Rs 331 respectively. The total cost of rocksand was calculated to be Rs 50 794 and Rs 24148 for aggregate. 134 tonnes of rocksand and 73 tonnes of aggregate (14mm 20mm) were needed for the construction of the house. Results for Blocks By quantity take off exercise, 2 216 blocks of size 150x200x450mm were used for the construction of the house. The blocks were used for the construction of partitioning as well as load bearing wall. Results for glass and ceramic tiles 195 Kg of glass (3mm thick) and 428 Kg of ceramic tiles were used for the typical house. Results for concrete By quantity take off exercise, 50.88 m3 of grade 20 concrete and 4.37 m3 of grade 15 concrete was used for the construction of the building. Results for resource energy and greenhouse gas emission Table 4.1 displays the different values of greenhouse gas emission and energy resources that were obtained using the Simapro life cycle assessment software. Table 4.2, Figure 4.0 and 4.1 show the total green house gas emission and energy resources for the typical residential house. Table 4.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission and Resource Energy for different materials Material Unit Greenhouse Gas/ Kg of CO2 equivalent Energy resource MJ LHV Concrete 1 kg 0.135 0.863 Cement 1 kg 0.977 4.87 Iron Bar 1 kg 1.710 31.1 Ceramic tile 1 kg 0.360 6.99 Float glass uncoated 1 kg 0.995 13.5 Sand and gravel 1 kg 1.560 25.1 Concrete block 1 kg 0.523 1.60 As it can be observed, the unit of green house gas emission is in CO2 equivalent. This is because methane is also included as a green house gas. Table 4.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Resource Material Mass /kg Greenhouse Gas/ Kg of CO2 equivalent Energy resources MJ LHV Concrete 138 125 18 647 119 202 Cement 20 000 19 540 97 400 Iron Bar 1 290 2 206 40 119 Ceramic tile 428 154 2 992 Float glass uncoated 185 184 2 498 Sand and gravel 207 000 322 920 5 195 700 Concrete block 33 240 1 7 384 53 184 = 381 035 = 5 511 095 Discussions on resource energy and C02 emission To construct a 128 m2 (1381 Sq. feet) house, 381 tonnes of CO2 equivalent are emitted and 5 511 GJ LHV of energy is required, to produce all the material. However, this energy is only 10% of the total energy consumed over the operational lifespan of the building. While considering the construction materials, it can be noted that Iron bar requires the highest energy (31.1 MJ LHV) to manufacture and Concrete the lowest (0.863 MJ LHV). This can be explained by the fact that the manufacturing process of steel is very complex and therefore consumes a lot of energy. Furthermore, energy is only needed for mixing all the different constituents for the manufacture of concrete. The same reasoning can be applied for the value of greenhouse gas emission of Iron bar and Concrete. For the construction of the residential house, normally materials which are left over make up the majority of construction waste. Levels of waste during the construction need to be reduced, for environmental and economic s reasons. The focus should be on decreasing waste at source, that is, by prevention. The advantage with this practice is a more efficient use of materials and hence a reduction of the material costs. In order to achieve sustainable use of resources, the waste hierarchy can be used. Figure 4.1 Waste Hierarchy Potentials for waste minimization on site are very difficult as the amount of waste materials that will be generated is affected by many factors. Some of these factors are Building design Specification for materials Construction methods (whether load bearing or frame method) Time allocated for the construction of the building Reduction of resource energy and CO2 emission Some common practices in the construction of a residential house which can reduce the resource energy and CO2 emission are given below: Residential house can be built either using the frame method or the load bearing method. In Mauritius, nearly all residential houses are built using a combination of both methods. In load bearing construction, the inner columns are not necessary as the loads are taken by the wall. If the load bearing method is adopted, for the construction of the 128 m2, some 16 columns can be removed from a total of 20. This will reduce the cost of the house as less concrete, steel bars, formwork and labour will be used. About 4m3 of concrete could be saved if 16 columns are removed. Moreover, this will also lower the overall resource energy and greenhouse gas emission of the house by 8630 MJ LHV and 1350 Kg of C02 equivalent respectively. Also, beams that does not span on long distances can be removed. By doing so, the total resource energy for the house and green house gas emission can be reduced. As mentioned earlier in chapter 2, usually left over materials make up the majority of construction waste. Overestimation of materials which will be needed for the construction increases the cost through the purchase of excess products, waste handling and disposal costs. However, the excess materials can be returned to the supplier if any packaging return is adopted. Also, materials should be stored in a safe place in order to prevent damage and wastage. Concrete waste resulting from overpouring of concrete is an example of inefficient use of earth resources. Most of the times, block wastes can be reduced through avoiding damage to blocks during delivery. In addition, waste can be reduced by applying a more efficient blocklaying practice. There are volumes of waste from offcuts of ceramic tiles. Tile offcuts are affected by the design specification of the building. If tile offcuts are used, material wastage can be limited. Also, ceramic tiles must be bought in small proportion to ensure that there is minimum wastage. Overestimation of ceramic tiles which will be needed for the floor should be prevented as far as possible. Discussion on weight of the building The weight of the building was calculated to be 1953 KN. However by taking the sum of all the weight of the different materials used in the construction of the residential house, the weight obtained was 2670 KN. There is a significant difference between the two weights. There are several possible reasons which can explain this. There were many assumptions on which the analysis was based. According to Jagai D. (pers. Comm., 19 November 2007), the weightage allocated by the firm of private quantity surveyors had included 5-10% wastage in all the material used for the construction. Based on that assumption, the weight of the building should have been 2403 KN (2670 x 0.9) instead of 1953 KN. The estimated weight was based on estimated prices which could have been erroneous. The prices are actual rates being used by local hardware shops and by local suppliers. Normally, price of construction material varies across the island. This is because transport cost is included in the rate. In this project, the rate from one hardware shop and supplier was considered for the calculation of the resources (the prices which were used, is found in the appendix). Conclusions The main objective of the report was to calculate the resource energy and associated green house gas linked to construction of a typical house in Mauritius. Also, the weight of the house had to be calculated. A virtual house of 128.30m2 was selected for that purpose. The key findings are: Prior to the start of the analysis, existing literature reviews show that building consumes a lot of energy mainly for the manufacture of all the materials and during the lifespan of the building. 10% of total energy requirement is used for the manufacture of the materials. The most common type of residential building in Mauritius has a size of 128m2 and it requires 20 tonnes of cement, 1290 Kg of iron bar, 428 Kg of ceramic tile, 185 Kg of glass 207 tonnes of rocksand and aggregate and finally 2216 blocks. The virtual residential house emitted 381 tonnes of greenhouse gas and required 5511 tonnes of energy to build all the materials considered in the analysis. The weight of the house was estimated using unit weights of concrete and block. The virtual house was found to weigh about 195 tonnes. There are several ways in which the resource energy and the greenhouse gas emission can be reduced. First and foremost, waste minimization is important during the construction. Improving material efficiency will reduce purchasing and disposal costs. It also benefits the environment through more efficient use of the earths resources. Recycling of construction waste materials would provide substantial benefits to the industry in terms reduced material supply and waste disposal cost. This will also increase sustainability and reduced environmental impacts. Recommendations for future work Only unit weight of block and reinforced concrete was used while calculating the weight of the building. It is required to calculate the weight of the building inclusive of live load. This will give a more apparent weight of the building. While calculating the total resource energy and greenhouse gas emission, some of the construction materials such as timber, metal openings and paint were neglected. It is required to estimate the quantity which will be used and hence calculate the total resource energy and greenhouse gas emission. This will give a factual value. As mention in the literature review, 90% of energy is consumed over the lifespan of the building, it is required to conduct an analysis on the building to calculate the energy requirement of the building during its operation phase. The value obtained can be compared to that of the materials obtained in this report. References Anink, D., et al. (1996), The Handbook of Sustainable Building: Ecological Choice of Materials in Construction and Renovation. James and James (Science Publishers), London. Brown M, (2007), energy, the encyclopedia of earth, Available: https://www.eoearth.org/article/Emergy [accessed on 02.12.07]. Brown M. T. and Buranakarn V. Emergy indices and rations for sustainable material cycles and recycled options. Resources,Cconservation and Recycling, 2003, vol. 38, pp. 1-22 Bossink B. and Brouwers H. (1996), Construction waste: quantification and source evaluation, Journal of Construction Engineerin and Management, 122(1), 55-60. Boyle C.A. (2005), Sustainable buildings, Proceeding of the Institution of Civil Engineer, Engineering Sustainability 158,March 2005, Issue ES1, pp.41-48. Building Research Establishhment (1982), materials control to avoid waste, Building Research Establishment Digest, 259, March. Cole, R. J. and Kernan P. (1996), Life Cycle Energy Use in Office Building, Building and Environment, vol. 31(4), pp. 307-317. Construction price index (2007), Economic and Social Indicator, Available: https://statsmauritius.gov.mu/ [Accessed 12 December] . 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Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice, SETAC, Brussels, (1990), Available: https://www.gdrc.org/uem/lca/lca-define.html [Accessed 12 December]. Hook J. (2007), engineering and construction, pricewaterhousecoopers, Available: https://www.pwc.com/Extweb/industry.nsf/docid/707E1D1BDD3B2E0785256DF800185C8C [Accessed 5 November 2007]. Huang. S and Hsu W. (2003), Materials flow analysis and emerging evaluation of Taipeis urban construction, Landscape and Urban Planning, 2003, 63, No. 2.61- 74. Karolides A. (2002) An introduction to green building, RMI solution www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/BuildingsLand/D02-15_ResearchEff.pdf [Accessed 12 December] Limbachia M. C. (2004), Coarse recycle aggregates for use in new concrete, Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers, Engineering Sustainability, vol. 157, issue ES2, pp. 99-106. Millard G., Soutsos M., Bungey J. and Tickell R. (2004), Using recycled demolition waste in concrete buildings block, Proceedings of the institution of the civil engineers, Engineering sustainability, vol. 157, September 2004, Issue E53,139-148 Miriam L. (1999), Breaking through the Barriers to Sustainable Building: Insights from Building Professionals on Government Initiatives to Promote Environmentally Sound Practices, thesis. Morel J. C. Mesbah A., Oggerom M. and Walker P. (2001) Building houses with local materials: means to drastically reduced the environmental impact of construction, Building and environment, 2001, 36, 1119-1126 Nicholas S. (2003), Sustainable Building, Available: https://www.seattle.gov/environment/building.htm [Accessed 16 January 2008]. Note on Life Cycle Analysis, (1995), Susan Svoboda, Available: www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/CORPpdfs/CORPlca.pdf [accessed 16 December 2007] Powrie W. and Dacombe P., 2006, sustainable waste management what and how, Proceeding of the Institution of civil engineers, waste and resource management, vol. 159, issue WR3, pp. 101-106. Rogoff M. and Williams J. (1994), Approaches to Implementing Solid Waste Recycling Facilities, Moves, Park Ridge, NJ. Serpell A. and Alarcon L. (1998), Construction process improvement methodology for construction projects, International Journal of Project Management,16(4), 215-2. Skoyles E. and Skoyles J. (1987), Waste Prevention on Site, Mitchell, London. Sustainable Built Environment (2007), Embodied Energy, Available: https://cmt.csiro.aubrochured/tech/embodied/ [Accessed 12 December2007]. Sustainable Technologies, (1996) Available: https://www.tececo.com/sustainability.embodied_energy.php [Accessed 12 December 2007]. Treloar G. J.,Owen C. and Fay R.(2001), Environmental assessment of rammed earth construction systems, Structural Survey, vol.19, No.2, pp.99-105. Thormark C. (2001), Conservation of energy and natural resources by recycling building waste, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2001, 33, No.2 113-130 Thormark C. (2002), A low energy building in the life cycle- its embodied energy, energy need for operation and recycling potential, Building and Environmental, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 429-435 . Unknown Author (2007), Embodied Energy, Accessed on: https://www.tececo.com/sustainability.embodied_energy.php [Accessed 12 December 2007]. US DOE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY NETWORK, Green building-Introduction, Available: https://www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbintro.shtml [accessed 11 November 2007]. 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Types of Competition - 1000 Words

Economic theory usually differentiates across the four major types of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. Although the list of market structures can be virtually unlimited, these four types are considered to be the basis for understanding the principles of market performance in different market conditions. Each of the four types of market structures possesses its benefits and drawbacks. In any of these markets, an entrepreneur can develop a strategy appropriate for conquering a part of the market niche. Although for many entrepreneurs monopoly seems an excellent choice (no competitors and full control over the product and its price), in reality it is monopolistic competition that†¦show more content†¦In perfect competition, no barriers to entry or exit exist, and firms are free to move across their markets. Certainly, perfect competition seems a perfect choice for customers, while monopoly will seem like a perfect choice for entrepreneurs – no competition, full price control, and full control over the product assortment. However, as an entrepreneur, I would rather choose monopolistic competition. My choice is justified by several reasons. Fist of all, monopoly prevents entrepreneurs from entering the market, while monopolistic competition markets are free for entry, and as an entrepreneur I may enter any market I deem appropriate and effective in terms of maximizing my profits. Second, monopoly does give some control over prices and product assortment, but in the current world, customers always seek to diversify the range of products they use. Monopoly does not leave any chance for differentiation, and as an entrepreneur I will always want to have several different products that will be sold to several different groups of consumers. Finally, it is due to the fact that competition drives innovation and gives me sufficient stimuli for growth that I can make my business grow. As such, in conditi ons of monopolistic competition I may have fewer opportunities for maximizing my profits for the sake of full control over prices and assortment, but I am more confident that my business will grow for the account of better customer satisfactionShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types of Competition1112 Words   |  4 PagesPure Competition: Pure competition involves number of companies or firms manufacturing similar or identical goods. In such pure competition the firms have no control over the prices. These companies are often termed as Price Takers. The pricing strategy is no in hands of the company it is determined by market forces. The firms operating in a pure competition manufacture standardized products which do not offer them a chance to differentiate their products on the basis of some unique feature ofRead MoreThe Types Of Market, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, And Monopoly803 Words   |  4 Pagesthe video which discusses the four types of markets: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. In order to review this effectively there must be an understanding of the terms. According to our text, perfect competition involves products competing clients and that they offer corporations less potential profits than imperfectly competitive markets do. 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Figurative Language In Literary Texts - 997 Words

literary texts, in particular, poetry, can evade translation through their culture-specific and figurative language, as well as language origin. It will also explain how other texts, particularly non-fiction, lend themselves more easily to translation due to the literalness they contain, enabling the original to be brought over to a new language more or less word-for-word. This essay will argue that, whilst the use of figurative language in literary texts is more resistant to translation, the use of a suitable translator and translation method ensures that most are in fact translatable. Meaning and Effect The Translator has to find the meaning and intended effect of a source text to replicate it accurately. Benjamin believes that if the†¦show more content†¦Arabic and Persian languages, on the other hand, have many different concepts than English including a unique cadence, different word order, greater distinction between formal and informal language via the use of pronouns, varied grammatical concepts, and tenses. When considering literary texts, Translators are faced with further issues due to â€Å"the anxiety over un-translatability [†¦] along with the desire for [†¦] cross-cultural articulation and representation in the target text. This is particularly apparent in literary translation.† Sun (2011: 231). Davis (2004: 310) posits that literary texts demonstrate two types of untranslatability: linguistic and cultural. Every language contains its own rhymes due to language patterns and has variations of sound patterns and semantics, meaning that literal translations lose the intended effect and rhythm. 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Fight Club A Narrative Analysis - 1556 Words

Barsam and Monahan define a narrative as, â€Å"A cinematic structure in which content is selected and arranged in a cause-and-effect sequence of events occurring over time† (553). David Fincher’s Fight Club uses a very unique narrative mode in that the whole film is self-narrated by the unnamed main character and has one of the best surprise endings in this writer’s opinion. This makes the film a prime specimen to be broken apart for further narrative analysis. The film starts out with the nameless narrator played by Edward Norton in a nameless city. The narrator, stuck in a dead-end white collar job, suffers from insomnia and is told he can’t receive medication. This paints Norton’s character as someone who is stuck, without any visible†¦show more content†¦After a quick plot device of the narrator’s apartment exploding he meets up with Durden and asks to stay with him. Durden accepts, but as they leave the bar he asks the narrator to hit him. This ends up in a friendly fist fight (if there ever was one) between the two which ends up being a sport between the two. These fights gain attention and eventually move into the bar’s basement where the event is appropriately dubbed Fight Club. Fight Club starts as a way for ordinary men to let out their frustrations and anger do to their mediocre lives. In the club a man is only worth what he is made of. It doesn’t matter how rich they are or what kind of life they lead, just how strong they are both in body and mind. Throughout the film Tyler very strongly supports the idea of anti-consumerism and it permeates into the club itself. Eventually fight club, and its ideals, spread throughout the country. Different sects sprouting up in every city gives Durden the ability to start something much bigger that he had planned. And so Project Mayhem is born. The newly formed club of anarchists wreaks havoc throughout the city with vandalism and theft galore spreading their anti-materialist views. As with any club that starts out will small crimes they start to expand under Tyler’s rule, both in size and in magnitude of crimes. At this pointShow MoreRelated Analysis of â€Å"Fight Club† Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Fight Club† For years David Fincher has directed some of the most stylish and creative thrillers in American movies. His works include: Aliens 3, Seven, The Game and Fight Club. Each of these films has been not only pleasing and fun to watch but each has commented on society, making the viewers think outside the normal and analyze their world. Fight Club is no exception, it is a multi-layered film with many subplots and themes, but primarily it is a surrealistic description of theRead MoreSherlock Holmes : A Game Of Shadows Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivered in this film? This essay will be discussing how does this movie with its nature of being a blockbuster action/adventure film perform a story about Sherlock Holmes and whether this attempt is successful. And how the action sequences serves the narrative and its definition as a blockbuster film. After the success of the first Sherlock movie, Sherlock Holmes (2009), producers decided they want a sequel and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows was born. This movie is as successful as the first one.Read MoreAnalysis of the Themes in Fight Club Essay2291 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of the Themes in Fight Club It is easy to understand how and why many who view Fight Club (Fincher, 1999) would argue that is in essence a critique of post modern consumer culture within America or indeed the western world. After all we are faced with Character(s) Jack (Edward Norton) who seems to gain no cultural sustenance from the world in which he inhabits. More over it seems to do him harm in the form of insomnia. This coupled with his obsession with IkeaRead MoreLove Conquers All Trap in the film, The Wrestler1624 Words   |  6 Pagesthe very end when the master narrative is surprisingly overthrown. Through its cinematic realism and clever marriage of typical plot structure and unconventional resolution, The Wrestler creatively rejects this master narrative of domesticity. The master narrative is a compelling force that dictates audience’s expectations of stories. Master narratives are steeped in culture and are ingrained into one from a young age. Audiences unwittingly accept the master narrative as how things ought to be. WhenRead MoreAnalysis Of James Miller s The Heart Of Movement Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted this interview on May 24th, 2000 in Mass Point, Mississippi. James Miller tells Stephanie what it was like to live and experience Jim Crow and the Civil Right Movement in the heart of movement, his home-- Mississippi. The purpose of this Narrative Analysis is to learn through a primary source, in this case James Miller, what life was like for African Americans during the time of Jim Crow segregation, and how the civil rights movement enacted change through his life. Miller was primarily regardedRead MoreAnalysis Of John Okadas No-No Boy1259 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily in the Issei and Nisei community. This essay argue s that through Ichiro Yamada’s struggle to integrate, John Okada’s No-No Boy represents the fracturing belief of a monoracial American identity and the cultural instability found within the narrative. No-No Boy adopts an allegoric strategy in order to foreground the ways in which internment, and sometimes incarceration, shaped the attitudes and lifestyles of the Issei and Nisei after the war. As the novel progresses, Okada examines charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Room 1679 Words   |  7 Pageshis campaign. During the first viewing the film didn’t left me with a lot of emotional impact, and after re-watching this film extensively it still didn’t left me with too much of an impact. The reason why I felt this way will come later on this analysis. However, I can understand what would be the emotional impact for a normal viewer, that being â€Å"heartwarming†. I feel the relationship between the Frank and Calvin is a mirror for many people who had to go through opening up to their â€Å"not so liberal†Read MoreRepresentation of Different Masculinities2539 Words   |  11 Pageswithin the film ‘Fight Club’ (Fincher, 1999). Although this film has been seen by many as a stinging indictment of consumer culture. Others take as a as key to understanding the new realities concerning masculinity. Primarily using the work of Laura Mulvey and Henry A. Giroux I believe that it is clear to see that the themes and issues which are central to Fight Club are based primarily on gender. 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Assessment of Mr. Glen Holland free essay sample

The underlying theme that stretches throughout Erikson’s theory is that of balance (Hergenhahn Olson, 2003). Erikson (1963) divided the life cycle of an individual into developmental stages (Meyer et al. 1997). Each stage of development is characterized by what Erikson called a crisis; he used the word crisis as it results in an important turning point in one’s life cycle. The crisis has the possibility of a positive or a negative resolution. Erikson’s theory provides a description of some key universal concerns at each period of life. His theory is a bio-psycho-social theory which views humans as biological, psychological and sociological beings that are shaped by an interactive mix of forces (Corey, 2009). Erikson believed that development is the result of two complex principles which occur simultaneously, these two principles involve genetic and social inputs (Meyer et al. , 2003). He further stated that genetic factors determine development through a genetically determined ground plan called the epigenetic principle. This principle holds that development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stages and that each stage must be satisfactorily resolved for development to proceed smoothly (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Social factors or influences refer to the demands placed on individuals by society in accordance with their current stage of development (Meyer et al. , 2003). According to Erikson a crisis indicates a turning point in life, â€Å"a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential† (Erikson. 1978 p. 5). A developmental crisis results from the interaction between genetic development and social influences. Erikson’s theory states that stages are interrelated. This means that the success or failure in one stage determines the outcome in another stage (Morris, 1996). If successful resolution does not occur , all subsequent stages reflect the failure in the form of physical, cognitive, social or emotional maladjustment (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Eriksons theory covers the psychosocial development of an individual’s entire lifespan, therefore serves as an adequate lens through which Mr. Holland’s (in the movie Mr. Holland’s Opus) life can be assessed psychologically. In the movie, Mr. Holland’s Opus, there are many issues that relate to human growth and development. In the beginning, Holland’s goal was to write one memorable piece of music that would be regarded as a historical symphony. However; he ends up teaching music at a high school hoping it would pay off the bills; he referrers to the teaching position as something to fall back on for the interim. He is frustrated at first because the students are bored and unresponsive, yet Holland didn’t give up. This would indicate that he successfully managed Erikson’s early childhood stage. During this stage we learn to master skills for ourselves. Not only do we learn to walk, talk and feed ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as becoming toilet trained. Here we have the opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy as we gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong. One of the skills learned during the Terrible Twos is our ability to use the powerful word NO! † This develops important skills of the will. In a sense we learn tenacity and persistence, which is useful in problem solving. Not learning these skills adequately we would all too easily give up on tasks. Holland did not give up and manages to teach students through methods such as playing rock and roll instead of Mozart; which would have been considered radical for the time period represented. As time goes on, Holland develops a strong bond with the students. He spends untold hours preparing lessons, connecting with students, organizing a marching band, and directing the school musical. All of this extra work pays off, as Holland is able to realize the importance of what he is doing. Parts of the aforementioned section of the movie may be an indication that he may have had some unresolved issues in the adolescent stage of role confusion vs. identity. Adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult, life is definitely more complex. In this stage humans attempt to find an individual identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. The task is to discover who we are as individuals. If a person is unsuccessful in navigating this stage, he or she will experience role confusion and upheaval. A significant task for a person is to establish a philosophy of life and in this process humans tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is usually filled with one conflict or another. Holland’s reality is that he has not yet completed the music piece he has strived for and needs to teach. This creates a conflict of time, as he feels he is getting too old to publish the musical work. Teaching takes up the time he needs to work on his music, causing him frustration. It appears that he has found it easy to substitute ideals for experience. His frustration becomes evident when he tells a student to give it up (referring to her horrible clarinet playing). Feeling guilt and shame over this statement he then begins a new way of teaching Gertrude to play the clarinet. Hollands brilliantly constructed three-word metaphor â€Å"Play the Sunset† magically connects with Gertrude and inspires her to improve her clarinet playing. Letting the frustration rule him and begin to take out the frustration on others shows that he is having difficulty accepting his life as it is, wanting to construct his own musical work. Erikson observed that middle-age is when a person tends to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding his or her family. It is also noted that middle adulthood is when a person can expect to be in charge, the time in life that the role an adolescent envies. The significant task at this stage is to perpetuate culture and transmit values of the culture through the family and working to establish a stable environment. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity. Holland is greatly struggling with his want to create the musical work and feels stuck in a teaching profession. When a person is in this stage they often fear inactivity and meaninglessness. Holland is feeling meaningless because he has not yet achieved his plan. As a person’s children leave home, or relationships or goals change, a person may be faced with major life changes—the mid-life crisis—and struggle with finding new meanings and purposes. If a person does not get through this stage successfully, a person can become self-absorbed and stagnate. Later in the film Holland has help from his students and family toward self actualization. He is reminded of the meaning of his life when the students play his symphony and tell him that they themselves are his symphony. Another issue of human growth portrayed in the move is the relationship between Cole (Glen Holland’s son) and his father. Glen Holland really wanted to share his passion of music with Cole. This was very evident during the time of pregnancy when he played music for the unborn child. Once Cole was born however; Glen could not accept that Cole had a 90% plus hearing loss. He believed that Cole could never appreciate music the way he does. Unable to draw the child into his musical world, Holland struggles to communicate with Cole using professional responsibilities to consume his time and as an excuse not to try. In addition, the hearing loss limits Cole’s development as he has to attend a private school to communicate using sign language. This results in Holland believing that his son will never understand why what he does is so important. A good example of this would be the death of John Lennon. Holland brushes off his son, believing Cole could not possibly understand the depth of his sorrow. Cole gets angry with his father and explains that he does indeed care about music and further iterates to his father that he could know music better if only he would take the time to show him. This is the turning point in their relationship that opens the door of communication. Holland works with the principal at Coles school to plan a way to share the high school orchestras performance with the hearing impaired. They agree to use lights to punctuate the orchestral number, and sign to share the lyrics of a song that Glenn Holland dedicates to his son. Father and son are shown joyfully sharing music with Cole feeling the vibrations by sitting on a stereo speaker. In the end of the movie, Holland’s compassion for his students and his desire to bond with his son carries him through his troubles, and actually pays off for him at the end. It is said that Glen’s students and family are his symphony. His students commend him. Glen realizes the true meaning of a lifelong investment in something worthwhile: HIS STUDENTS. With the help of his students and his family, Glenn Holland learns that throughout one’s life things do not always turn out the way we plan them. It can be said that â€Å"Life† is what happens when you embrace the unexpected. Erikson’s view of late adulthood is that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. conceivably that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity. At this stage strength is accepting death as a completion to life. The flip side of the coin is that some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives. Then again, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong intransigence and abstinence that only their view has been correct. In the end Holland is feeling fulfilled with a very deep sense that his life has indeed been meaningful and that he has truly made a positive difference in the lives of his students.

Business Strategy & Work Culture of Netflix-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about teh Business Strategy and Work Culture of Netflix. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this business report is to discuss the business strategy and work culture of Netflix as the primary themes of business analysis. Netflix is one of the famous American entertainment companies which was initiated in the year 1997 and is specialized in providing live streaming video(Ir.netflix.com, 2017). The video on demand online service and selling of DVD are the two primary sources of income for Netflix. The company has its headquarters at Los Angeles in California and follows few of the effective business strategy themes in order to increase their popularity within the target group of customers. The main purpose of the business strategy of Netflix is to provide online video service and also improve upon the working culture for the employees within the organization that will ultimately help to improve upon the organizational performance. As the company is increasing its business in other nations across the globe, it has to implement effective business strategy and also increase the cultural diversity within the workplace of the organization that can ultimately help to increase the range of market and also improve upon the brand reputation. In the recent times, the Netflix Company has expanded the business in production of film and various television series. Hence, with diverse range of business within the entertainment industry it is important for Netflix to implement effectives strategy as the main theme of their business and culture that can ultimately help them to increase their profit level in all over the globe. Theme 1: Netflix Business Strategy The main purpose of the business strategy of Netflix is to fulfil their objectives of the business. With the help of the aggressive forms of business strategy of Netflix that is totally dependent on the use of the technological infrastructure, it is possible to raise the level of brand awareness among the people. The company mainly uses the forms of digital marketing that is one of the important parts of the business strategy that will ultimately raise the popularity of the business among the target groups of customers. With the help of the internal and external analysis of the business, it is possible for the management of Netflix to implement the best possible business strategy (Weill and Woerner 2013). Current business status of Netflix In the current stage, Netflix has 44 million subscribers for their online service in the United States and almost another 30 million scribers in all other 190 countries in all across the globe. With the dominance over the online digital entertainment industry Netflix has been implying aggressive forms of business strategy that is aimed to improve upon their business reputation in all over the globe. The total turnover of the company was calculated to be of $60 billion in the financial year of 2016-17 (Ir.netflix.com, 2017). In the last part of the year 2016, the company has decided to expand their business to nearly 130 nations and hence the service is able to raise their popularity. The main business strategy that has been applied by the company is totally dependent on the technological infrastructure that is applied by the company. The company in the past has invested several technological improvements that have helped them to provide with high quality of video streaming service. The company currently has effective methods of marketing that mostly uses the digital and social media marketing, which allows the company to communicate with wide range of target customers. As in the recent years, the company has expanded in the international nations, the range of videos that distributed by the company has to be increased. The company has been able to use the strategy of mass media marketing that has enabled them to gain significant popularity in all the nations in very brief period time. The mass marketing that has been used by the company as a part of their business strategy has been one of the major cause of success in the recent times. The company also has been ab le to get the exclusive copyrights of several of the popular television shows. Business Environment Analysis of Netflix Bushnellet al.(2015), have mentioned that with the help of the business environment analysis, it is possible for all the organization to analyse in details about all the internal and external factors that can contribute in the growth of the business in different types of market. Both the external and internal factors can also contribute in the overall growth and the expansion of the business. In case of Netflix, both the internal and external factors have significant influence over the business strategies that has been implemented in the past years. There are various tools that can be used by the company that can be used to analyse the both the internal and external factors. The PESTEL analysis is one of the popularly used tools that can help the business organization to get detail information about the external market analysis. Few of the important parameters of this tool include the following: Political factors:This external factor includes the operational activity of the company that depends on the regulation and business laws implemented by the government of the local region. As Netflix is one of the major global brands, it is important for them to analyse the political factors of all the local government in different nations. It is important to carefully review all the political factors that can influence the business. Business strategy of Netflix have enabled them to overcome all the barriers at the entry level in the new market in both National and local areas. They are also able to of deal with the challenge violating movable legal protocol in all the major Nations. Economic factors: the economic Trends of the external market have also a major contribution in the business strategy implemented by Netflix that includes the consumer income level and also the current rate of inflation and interest rate. The management of the Netflix Company has gathered detailed information about the economic condition off the market that has enabled them to play a greater role in fulfilling the needs of the client and employees. The pricing of the online service has been decided upon the economic background condition of the consumer market. Social factors: The management of Netflix has to analyse the social and cultural aspects of region in order to provide the proper kind of entertainment show that is needed. The business strategy also needs to include the proper way of analysing the technological infrastructure present within the society in order to provide the online service. Technological factors: This is one of the major contributing external factors of business that has directly affected the strategies taken by Netflix. The total process of marketing operation and business activities of Netflix is dependent upon the technological infrastructure of the market. With the advancement of technological infrastructure and also growing popularity of the digital media has been one of the major contributing factors for growth of Netflix Company. Hence, the technological infrastructure of any local market has direct implication on all the major business strategies executed by Netflix. With advanced level of Technology is one of the major factors that have helped Netflix to gain significant competitive advantage in the entertainment industry over the past many years (Abraham 2013). Environmental factors: In Spite of the fact that the business policies of Netflix has no direct link with environment it is important for them to implement their business strategies that will cause no harm to the local environment and ecosystem. Legal factors: The business laws that are implemented in a market also have played a significant influencing factor for deciding the business and marketing policies for Netflix. It is important for the company to manage all the legal challenges in the external business environment in order to ensure the reputation of the company is not affected (Gomez-Uribe and Hunt 2016). It is also important for the company to analyse the internal business environment in order to understand their strength and weakness that can have significant impact on all the major business policies. Being the largest entertainment online company in the world, Netflix has their own internal strength and weakness that has helped them to make use of the opportunity that is available in the entertainment industry and also overcome all the major threats that can compromise upon their business reputation. The swot analysis tool can be utilised in this case in order to identify the internal strength and weaknesses along with the threat and opportunity that exist within the market (McCord 2014). One of the most important core business strategies of the company is to grow in the sector of online media. One of the major strength of the company in this context is that they are able to develop an ecosystem where, they are able to provide online streaming service in all devices that are being connected with Internet. Hence, they are able to encourage more people to subscribe on their online media service. With growing number of online subscribers currently Netflix is the largest company in the world that provides online video streaming service. As more people are preferring to watch the latest movies in their mobile and computer equipments the popularity and demand of the service of Netflix is growing tremendously in recent times. One of the major weaknesses of the company is due to the fact that most of the online services that are provided by Netflix are highly expensive and hence, they are not able to afford the service. Nevertheless the company has to provide huge amount of cost in order to purchase the licence for the latest movies and other television shows, which thereby increases the cost of the service that they are providing. The price of subscription for online membership has also increased tremendously in the past few years. Moreover, since 2013 the DVD and Blue Ray service of Netflix has declined totally due to the fact that people are able to watch their online shows with the help of Smartphones and other digital devices. Another major weakness that has affected the business strategy of Netflix is due to the fact that where service is limited to market areas only where there is high Internet bandwidth available (Aversa 2014). Hence, they are not able to expand their market in various remote areas due to the fact that the technological and digital infrastructure is limited. With expansion in the international and global market Netflix has able to gain excellent business opportunity that has influence upon their business strategies. By conducting online customer service in various market areas Netflix has been able to get the idea about the popular television and movies that are popular in any particular area. With the aggressive mode of business strategy this possible for Netflix to provide their online service in all types of digital devices that are available in most of the households. Moreover, as the business strategy of Netflix includes promoting their service through digital marketing, we are able to gain popularity among wide range of customers without having to spend huge amount in marketing activities. In the recent times Netflix accounts for nearly 30% of the daily Internet traffic (Gomez-Uribe and Hunt 2016). However, with neutrality laws that are implemented in Internet service Netflix can face the threat of huge debt and thereby has to cut cost on their expenditure. The company also has to face threat from other online media service provider, who is providing with live video streaming that includes Amazon Prime and YouTube. The high price of purchasing online licence for various movies and television shows has also been one of the major threats that reflected on the business strategies implemented by Netflix (Afuah 2014). Hence it can be said that all the major business Strategies and policies implemented by Netflix in the recent times is directly influenced by all the major internal and external factors that has helped them to develop a worldwide market in the entertainment industry. In spite of tough level of competition in the respective domain, Netflix has been able to gain a reputation among the target group of customers in all the major nations of the world. Theme 2: Business culture of Netflix Netflix is a great workplace, which combined stunning colleagues with hard problems. The culture of the organization remains on how the people works together to grow and serve their members. Continuous improvement is embedded in companys culture. The companys culture has been instrumental to the success, upon which the improvement is a continuous process. As a result the organization is able to retain potential employees and attract others, which also help to work people with satisfaction here. Two core elements of the companys culture are freedom and responsibility, which promotes employees to seek excellence in a collaborative practice (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2011). Like many other company Netflix is striving for hiring the best employees, while valuing the excellence, integrity, respect and collaboration of the entire Netflix team. The core philosophy of the organization is people over process; it means that the organization is working with a trustworthy employees as a dre am team. This approach helped the organization to be more flexible, stimulating, inventive, creative, fun loving and successful organization. The Netflix culture is unique and special compared to others, in the following terms: The organization encourage independent decision making by its employees People here are extremely open and straight towards each other They share information in an open, deliberate and broad way They keep only potential and highly effective workers in the organization They do not compromise with the work quality The organizational management avoid strict rules, rather values entertainment as a core human need, in order to facilitate their success Netflix treats its employees like grownups, they do not need traditional yearly performance reviews The payment is also noteworthy, which makes people happy and satisfied Netflix assumes that employees have amazing judgment The organization does not measure people by how many hours they work or how much they are in the office, rather nourish people accomplishing great work in the organization The organization defines its seven aspects of Netflix culture that are as follows: High performance Freedom and responsibility Context, not control Pay of market Highly aligned, loosely coupled Promotion and development Specific values Alike other organizations, Netflix also has some specific values, which are nourished by their management in their employees. For instance, the organization is particularly giving value to some behaviors and skills in their employees, which are demonstrated in the people who are being hired or promoted in the organization (Chaney and Martin 2013). Therefore, it can be said people, who poses these attributes, are potentially nourished in this company. These core values of the company are demonstrated below: Judgment The people in the organization need to make wise decisions despite ambiguity, have to identify root causes and get beyond treating symptoms, people are good at using data to inform his intuition, employee need to strategically, be able to articulate, the key roles and responsibilities of each employees and most importantly the employee should make decisions in a long-term manner (Becker 2013). Communication The employee need to have good enough communication skills, need to concise and articulate in speech and writing, should listen well and seek to understand before reacting to any circumstances. The employee should maintain calm poise in critical contexts in order to draw out the transparent thinking. Versatile language knowledge should be gathered, for instance, employees need to adapt such a communication style that works well with people from diverse cultural and linguistic background, who cannot share the native language. People also need to provide honest and timely feedback to their colleagues (Howson 2013). Innovation Innovation is one of the key elements for continuous improvement process in the business. Thus, like any other company, Netflix thrives for innovation. The organization creates new ideas, which are useful for the organizational growth and sustainability. In order to deal with critical problems, the employees can re-conceptualize issues for finding out best solutions. To challenge prevailing assumptions and suggest better approaches, the organization and its team is giving their best effort (Slocum and Buller 2014). People who are thriving to minimize complexities and finding the ways to simplify things are most welcome in the organization. Change is the key to involve innovation in the organizational culture. Thus, people who admire change can sustain in the organization in a long term way. Curiosity In this company, people can learn rapidly and eagerly; are able to contribute out of expertise work with great potentiality. Here, people seek to understand the members around the world, like strategy, market, customers and suppliers; and the ways to entertain them; through seeking alternative perspectives (Hitch 2012). Employees need to broadly knowledgeable about business, technology and entertainment. Courage Courage is one of the elements that a potential employee should possess. Employees should show enough courage to say what he thinks; even it is harsh or controversial. Taking risk is a crucial characteristic trait of potential employees. Thus, employees should be able to make confident and tough decision without agonizing (Hitch 2012). They are able to be vulnerable, in search of truth. Employee should take action aligning with the companys values. Honesty It is one of the most crucial traits that an employee should possess. At Netflix, employees are known for transparency, authenticity and non-political trait. Employees should admit their mistakes. The employee should posses that much of honesty to say things about fellows on their face. They need to be non-political, while disagreeing with others. Passion For the employees working in Netflix, work and responsibility should be their passion. They should be care intensely about each member, in order to achieve success. An employee should have the passion to inspire others with the urge for gaining overall excellence in organizational services (netflix.com 2017). Employees are tenacious and positive. In order to achieve collaborative success, the employees need to be confident and humble enough. Inclusion The employees are effective enough to collaborate with people belonging from diverse cultural background. In order to make better decision, employees nurture and embrace differing perspectives for making the best decision. However, if it is noticed that someone is being marginalized, the employee would intervene the procedure. Instead of focusing upon the similarity of a person with the standard trait, they focus upon the talent of the employee, aligning with the value (Vogel and Fischler-Strasak 2014). Employees are able to recognize the biases the members have and work to eliminate them. It is also important to understand how different backgrounds affect at work, instead of pretending that they are not affecting the business actually. Selflessness People at Netflix think for the organization, instead of thinking for them. Instead of doing the best for him, the employees give their best effort to meet the best things for the organization. For searching the best ideas, employees are open-minded. They are enough collaborative to have times for helping colleagues, while sharing information in an open and proactive way. Helping others is the core element of being collaborative (netflix.com 2017). Impact Employees at Netflix work with their decisions, after thinking about the impact upon the organization. They accomplish important works, while demonstrating strong performance consistently, so that the fellow workers can trust on the leaders and management of the organization. All the procedures here are done for making colleagues satisfied (netflix.com 2017). Here, through collaborative work, employees focus on impacts of the organizational procedures. The organization is sustaining its continuous growth and success on the basis of some basic elements, aligning with its core values. These are demonstrated below. Dream team Dream team is built when the employees are highly efficient in collaborating with each others. According to the Netflix culture, an great organization is not a place that includes big office, frequent parties, great gyms, sushi lunches etc, but a great organization should include such a dream team, where people have common goals, for which they spend enough effort (Hitch 2012). Being a part of this team, employees perform best, learn the most, improve fastest, have enough entertainment and accomplish the most. Freedom and responsibility Netflix attempts to train its employees in such a way that they can feel a sense of responsibility for doing the correct thing for assisting the company at every domain. The goal of the organization is to inspire people more to manage themselves than managing them by the organization (Hitch 2012). The organization attempts to develop the sense of responsibility, ownership and initiative to develop responsive behaviors, which are rising naturally. Informed captains In the organization, for each potential decision, Netflix provides a responsible captain, who is able to make a judgment, understanding others views (netflix.com 2017). The organization does not thrive for making decision by a committee vote or something; but when the captain is significantly confident and correct; the decision is processed into action. Context not control The organization gives employees enough freedom to control their own decision. The organization seeks employees for being great decision makers and consult with the managers, if they are facing trouble for right decision. The leaders need to set clear context at every level, which drives the information to the fellow employees, to take their own decision (netflix.com 2017). Conclusion With the help of effective business strategy and market expansion, it is possible for Netflix to gain significant reputation in the online digital entertainment industry. As the company has expanded in almost all parts of the globe, it is important for them to have unique marketing policy in order to deal with different type of business environment. Has the demand for online video streaming service have increased among the people of all age, video streaming service have increased among the people of all age, the business of Netflix has easily been able to expand in their range in almost all the nations of the world. The use of digital media marketing along with social media marketing has enabled Netflix to gain wide range of popularity in very short period of time. With detailed analysis of external environment of business Netflix has been able to make full use of all the business opportunity that is available in the entertainment industry using online media. By using the tools of ex ternal market analysis, Netflix has successfully been able to imply effective marketing strategy that has enabled them to gain significant competitive advantage in the entertainment industry and thereby have enabled them to deal with all the challenges that exist in the external business environment. The company also has been able to use their strength to greatest advantage that includes popularizing their online media service in all types of digital gadgets that are available in almost every household. Nevertheless, the high cost of Internet service and also lack of technological infrastructure has been few of the major barriers of the business strategies that have been implemented by Netflix. It is also evident from the fact that, with various new competitors in the entertainment industry, Netflix has to face to challenge in their respective domain in order to maintain their popularity among the target group of customers. On the other hand, the workplace culture of Netflix has been able to diversify in wide range due to the fact that there are employing workers from all across the globe. With the code element of company's culture, it is possible for Netflix to gain white popularity and reputation as one of the trustworthy agency to provide secured jobs for the employees. As the company is able to encourage the workers to participate in all the important decision making process that ultimately help in the business strategy, it is possible for them improve the work culture and also create a healthy atmosphere within the workplace of the organisation. The overall work culture within the workplace of Netflix has enabled them to have effective organizational performance and also have high level of motivation among the workers. Reference List Abraham, S., 2013. Will business model innovation replace strategic analysis?.Strategy Leadership, 41(2), pp.31-38. Afuah, A., 2014. Business model innovation: concepts, analysis, and cases. Routledge. Aversa, P., Haefliger, S. and Reza, D.G., 2017.Building a Winning Business Model Portfolio.MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(4), p.49. Becker, K., 2013.Culture and international business. Routledge. Bushnell, N., Drucker, P.F., Abell, D.F. and Hammond, J.S., 2015. Business Planning and Market Strategy in a Nutshell. Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Gomez-Uribe, C.A. and Hunt, N., 2016. The netflix recommender system: Algorithms, business value, and innovation. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS), 6(4), p.13. Hitch, C., 2012. How to build trust in an organization.UNC Executive Development, p.15. Howson, C., 2013.Successful business intelligence: Unlock the value of BI big data. McGraw-Hill Education Group. Ir.netflix.com. 2017.Netflix : Overview. [online] Available at: https://ir.netflix.com/ [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. McCord, P., 2014. How netflix reinvented HR. Harvard Business Review, 92(1), pp.71-76. netflix.com, 2017.Work at Netflix. [online] Jobs.netflix.com. Available at: https://jobs.netflix.com/culture/#introduction [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. Slocum, J., Lei, D. and Buller, P., 2014. Executing business strategies through human resource management practices.Organizational Dynamics,43(2), pp.73-87. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Vogel, P. and Fischler-Strasak, U., 2014. Fostering sustainable innovation within organizations. InSustainable entrepreneurship(pp. 191-205). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Weill, P. and Woerner, S.L., 2013. Optimizing your digital business model.MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(3), p.71.