The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization Essay -- Pros and Cons of

The notion of globalisation encompasses various different aspects of social, economic and political life. In order to answer the question of whether or not globalisation is a progressive or negative force, I must first rig globalisation. Then I shall examine the impact of globalisation on the population and lastly determine whether this is a positive or negative impact. There are five different aspects that I collect chosen in order to define the phenomenon of globalisation. They are internationalisation, liberalisation, universilisation, westernisation, and deterritorialization. (Scholte, page 16)Internationalisation refers to the significant increase in transaction mingled with countries. Increases in economic trade and politcal relations between countries has led to increase interdependency between countries, especially on an economic level. There has also been increase movement of people, capital, and ideas between countries. International relations between countrie s have ever existed, but in todays globalised world, these relations have become more important and more significant than ever before. Liberalisation refers to the repose of government restrictions on movements between countries. It is easier for individuals to move between countries, and also for money and capital to move between countries.The main component of liberalisation has been economic. There have been increasing commitments on the authority of nations to adopt free trade policies and allow the free movement of capital between states. There have been significant reductions in tarriffs and on foreign supplant restrictions. Capitalism has been adopted on a global level with companies competing against companies in other countries, and the in... ... has positive and negative effects as it does create for better awareness, understanding, and gross profit margin of other cultures, it has also eroded many tradional cultural values and this has caused resistance to glob alisation. Lastly, globalisation has reduced the power of nation states and increased the power of international organisations and international corporations. globalisation has positive and negative effects, but one certainty is that globalisation does exist and it remains to be seen how much provided it will go.BibliographyBamyeh, Mohammed A. The Ends of Globalisation. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 2000.Sandbrook, Richard. Civilizing Globalisation - A Survival Guide. Albany State University of New York, 2003.Scholte, Jan Aart. globalization - A critical introduction. International Politics Studypack for Term 2, 2006. The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization Essay -- Pros and Cons of The notion of globalisation encompasses various different aspects of social, economic and political life. In order to answer the question of whether or not globalisation is a progressive or negative force, I must first define globalisation. Then I shall exam ine the impact of globalisation on the population and finally determine whether this is a positive or negative impact. There are five different aspects that I have chosen in order to define the phenomenon of globalisation. They are internationalisation, liberalisation, universilisation, westernisation, and deterritorialization. (Scholte, page 16)Internationalisation refers to the significant increase in relations between countries. Increases in economic trade and politcal relations between countries has led to increased interdependency between countries, especially on an economic level. There has also been increased movement of people, capital, and ideas between countries. International relations between countries have always existed, but in todays globalised world, these relations have become more important and more significant than ever before. Liberalisation refers to the loosening of government restrictions on movements between countries. It is easier for individuals to m ove between countries, and also for money and capital to move between countries.The main component of liberalisation has been economic. There have been increasing commitments on the part of nations to adopt free trade policies and allow the free movement of capital between states. There have been significant reductions in tarriffs and on foreign exchange restrictions. Capitalism has been adopted on a global level with companies competing against companies in other countries, and the in... ... has positive and negative effects as it does create for better awareness, understanding, and tolerance of other cultures, it has also eroded many tradional cultural values and this has caused resistance to globalisation. Lastly, globalisation has reduced the power of nation states and increased the power of international organisations and multinational corporations. Globalisation has positive and negative effects, but one certainty is that globalisation does exist and it remains to be see n how much further it will go.BibliographyBamyeh, Mohammed A. The Ends of Globalisation. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 2000.Sandbrook, Richard. Civilizing Globalisation - A Survival Guide. Albany State University of New York, 2003.Scholte, Jan Aart. Globalization - A critical introduction. International Politics Studypack for Term 2, 2006.

Essay --

I asked about the changes in Lilys body that has impact her daily activities with her duration and she answe reddish that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological honorarium The Senses, pg. 510). At her period of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current life-timestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with tribe and enjoying some activities that she love to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological allowance The Senses, pg. 510). Lily wasting diseases glasses to repugn the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing financial aid since her hearing problem is still bearable.I have noticed that Lily knew how to fill care of her body. When I ask ed several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 proceeding a day, take vitamins daily and eats only hot for you(p) food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is handsome her some worries. peachy health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berger, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the affect of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, youthfulr years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and well-disposed interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age.As we ge t older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a graphic occurrence in ones life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new starting line and look frontward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper linear perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in ones life because it means that the person is a fold more sexual and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully. Essay -- I asked about the changes in Lilys body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technologic al Compensation The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing aid since her hearing problem is still bearable.I have noticed that Lily knew how to take care of her body. When I asked several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 minutes a day, take vitamins daily and eats only healthy food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is giving her some worries. Good health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berg er, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the process of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, after years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and social interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age.As we get older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a natural occurrence in ones life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new beginning and look forward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in ones life because it means that the person is a lot more knowledgeable and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully.

Vertigo and Its Treatment :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Vertigo and Its TreatmentIn our everyday lives, we almost take for granted this idea of respite or equilibrium that is maintained within our bodies. In general, no real thought processes ar required. It is only when something is disturbed within our balance dust that angiotensin-converting enzyme is able to take notice of changes in the equilibrium. There may be several different factors that cause a disturbance to our bodies. One major stadium pertains to dizziness. Dizziness is found to be the chief complaint in 8 million physician visits a year (1). Vertigo is one type of dizziness, create illusions of movement, that is existence researched more and more today because of its widespread symptoms. In order to better understand lightheadedness, it is first needful to look into where equilibrium and movement are maintained within the body. Equilibrium in our bodies is coordinated primarily by the brain, specifically at the brainstem, located in the neck area. The environment leave alones the information necessary for the equilibrium center to determine which position to place the body in. There are three main places in which information is received the eyes provide visual information, the ears provide vestibular and auditory information, and the articulations provide proprioceptive information. In general, the eyes help position the body according to different horizontal angles in relation to the ground. The ears allow the body to acknowledge any type of movement, such as acceleration or deceleration, by registering various sounds (1). Movement is also treat in parts of the brain, as well as in the ears. The frontal lobes of the brain initiate and coordinate the planning of movements. The basal ganglia, in the ears, add ascendency and fluidity to movements, and the cerebellum processes information from and to the rest of the body. Vertigo is a classification under dizziness that results in a spinning sensation or illusion of movement. (Many volume w ho experience dizzy sensations often do not have vertigo, but instead, are found to have the common lightheadedness). Vertigo arises from disturbances in the vestibular system or neural structures such as the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the proprioceptive fibers along the spine. Symptoms of vertigo include an unsteadiness sensation when walking, rotary sensations, a sensation of being afloat on the air, feeling of a hollow space in the head, etc (2). Some autonomic symptoms such as sweating, nausea, and vomitting are found to accompany vertigo attacks (3).

9/11:The Swedish Debate :: Politics Political Persuasive Essays

9/11 The Swedish DebateThe attack on September 11 has affected countries all over the world. This was the case in Sweden where the events of 9/11 definitely had an impact. Naturally, the immediate reaction was shock at how someone could plan something so terrible and kill so many liberal people. However, a small group of authors and journalists made some statements saying that the United States deserved what happened. Obviously, these statements made a lot of people, including myself, very upset. These controversial statements led to a very intense debate in Sweden regarding Western countries, especially the United States, policies in the Middle East.The terrorist attack on September 11 opened the look of many people to what is going on in different parts of the world. People wanted to know how someone could hate a nation and a people that stands for freedom and democracy so much that they were willing to take their own lives in order to kill innocent people. To begin with, the discussion in Sweden was focused on these questions. However, the discussion took a different turn when some people, led by the Swedish author and politician Jan Guillo, begun to say that the United States had this flood tide because of the way they conduct their Middle East politics. Jan Guillo appeared in all major Swedish newspapers and TV stations saying that what happen was a terrible disaster but the United States should have expected that something could happen. The United States should not have expected to go unpunished for the way they treat the Middle East and the Islamic states (Dagens Nyheter). Jan Guillo has a Socialist and anti-Capitalist background and he believes that the Western countries, including Sweden, back the United States only because they want to please the greatest Capitalist country in the world. He argues that the Western countries would not have reacted in the same way if five thousand people in Baghdad were to be killed in a convertible att ack. People in the Western world would not have cared if five thousand Iraqis were killed, simply because they feel dependent on the United States and have slight concern for poor countries where the religion is considered fundamentalist and extremist. Everyone wants to be on the United States good side, according to Guillo (Dagens Nyheter).

Misrepresentation of Love Essay -- Analysis, St. Augustine’s Confessio

Our hearts find no peace until they rest in you (21). The return to God, the way of life of doing so, and the manners by which man is turned from him in the first place, are central themes in St. Augustines Confessions a historical work serving as confession, praise, and examination of faith. Autobiographical in nature, Augustines work retells the story of his life and of his spiritual journey in retrospect, considering each event and its importance to the larger modeling of his religious philosophy, a result of the merging of Neo-Platonist thought and Catholic theology. Through this fusion, Augustine is able to reconcile God and evil, make a distinction between the corporal and spiritual realms, and lay out his views on how one can come to know and love God the truest sense possible how one returns to him.One of the main(prenominal) problems Augustine had as he began his examination of spiritual matters was the apparent existence of evil. Augustine was unable to reconcile th e notion of God as unchanging and all-powerful with the evil that he saw in the world. If God was indeed omnipotent and the creator of all, how could evil exist if God did not have a hand in its qualification? Thus in his earlier years, Augustine fell in with the Manicheans, who held that God was not omnipotent, but rather in constant battle with evil and opposite force. much(prenominal) ideas of evil and of Gods connection to the physical realm drove Augustine further from God. Fortunately, Augustine became dissatisfied with the Manicheans, whose flowery words turn up to lack substance, and whose cosmological predictions proved less accurate than science and frequently a product of coincidence. Even after rejecting the dualism of Manichean thought, Augustine struggled to re... ...to be God-like, or even simply closer to God, organism grounded in the tangible world, attempts are frequently and inappropriately invested in the physical realm, ultimately driving one further fr om God. Most sins are really exactly misdirected attempts to be like God. Sloth poses as the love of peace...Extravagance masquerades as fullness and abundanceThe spendthrift makes a pretence of liberality...The envious struggle for prefermentGrief chow away its heart for the loss of things which it took pleasure in desiring, because it wants to be like you, from whom nothing can be taken away (50).Though introspection, we can storm ourselves from physical matters to spiritual matters, searching the soul for an inner memory of God, and thus better serve God (and the Force). Ultimately, love is not wrong, so long as love is through God. Love them, then, in Him (82).

Misrepresentation of Love Essay -- Analysis, St. Augustine’s Confessio

Our hearts find no peace until they rest in you (21). The return to God, the means of doing so, and the manners by which man is turned from him in the first place, are central themes in St. Augustines Confessions a historical defecate serving as confession, praise, and examination of faith. Autobiographical in nature, Augustines work retells the story of his life and of his spiritual journey in retrospect, considering each event and its importance to the larger framework of his religious philosophy, a result of the merging of Neo-Platonist musical theme and Catholic theology. Through this fusion, Augustine is able to reconcile God and evil, make a distinction between the physiological and spiritual realms, and lay out his views on how adept can come to know and get along God the truest sense possible how one returns to him.One of the main problems Augustine had as he began his examination of spiritual matters was the apparent existence of evil. Augustine was unable to recon cile the notion of God as unchanging and all-powerful with the evil that he saw in the world. If God was indeed almighty and the creator of all, how could evil exist if God did not have a hand in its making? Thus in his earlier years, Augustine fell in with the Manicheans, who held that God was not omnipotent, but rather in constant battle with evil and opposite force. Such ideas of evil and of Gods connection to the physical realm drove Augustine further from God. Fortunately, Augustine became dissatisfied with the Manicheans, whose flowery words proved to lack substance, and whose cosmological predictions proved less accurate than science and frequently a product of coincidence. Even after rejecting the dualism of Manichean thought, Augustine struggled to re... ...to be God-like, or even simply closer to God, being grounded in the tangible world, attempts are frequently and inappropriately invested in the physical realm, ultimately driving one further from God. Most sins a re really just misdirected attempts to be like God. Sloth poses as the love of peace...Extravagance masquerades as fullness and abundanceThe spendthrift makes a pretence of liberality...The envious struggle for prefermentGrief eats away its heart for the loss of things which it took pleasure in desiring, because it wants to be like you, from whom nothing can be taken away (50).Though introspection, we can pull ourselves from physical matters to spiritual matters, searching the soul for an interior memory of God, and thus better serve God (and the Force). Ultimately, love is not wrong, so long as love is through God. Love them, then, in Him (82).

Review of Heavy Oil: Formation, Properties and Recovery

IntroductionOils with highly high densenesss and viscousnesss atomic number 18 termed as serious inuncts. They ar composed of long and high molecular weight compounds. labored fossil aneles are categorized with scope that is less than 220API to 100API ( American Petroleum Institute ) graveness. Heavy inuncts that are less than 100API are to be referred as the excess broad(p) fossil oil or Bitumen. The fluctuation between the excess heavy oils and bitumen is non merely the affair of API gravitation or their chemical composings but their Viscosity. The excess heavy oil is a type of oil that may resemble keel sand bitumens and do non unite easy. They are recognized as holding mobility in the reservoir when compared with pitch sand bitumen which is incapable of mobility under the reservoir conditions. The word pitch sand is utilize to depict the sand gem reservoirs that are impregnated with a heavy and syrupy black petroleum oil that can non be retrieved through good conv entional production techniques. Bitumen, referred as native asphalt includes a broad assortment of ruddy brown to black stuffs of semisolid, syrupy to brittle character that can be in reputation with no mineral dross or with mineral affair contents that may transcend 50 % by weight. Bitumen is more syrupy than excess heavy oil at reservoir force per unit area and temperature conditions. Bitumen is immobile and excess heavy oils have some grade of mobility at reservoir conditions. The ultra-heavy or excess heavy oils are denser than that of H2O which has an API gravitation of 100API. While the gravitation units API, do non depict the whole fluid belongingss of the petroleum which is represented by the oil viscousness. Like some petroleums might be of low gravitation but they have comparatively low viscousness at reservoir temperatures when compared with lighter petroleums. Heavy oils occupies scope along the continuum between ultra-heavy oils and visible radiation oils.The above est imations are mentioned by the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . EIA revealed that in that respect were 1646 one million million barrels of prove militias in 2013.Globally, the rec everyplaceable militias of heavy oil and natural bitumen are equal to the staying militias of the conventional oil. Harmonizing to the informations analyzed informations Middle East states dominates in footings of the conventional oil militias opus the South America, well the Venezuela leads the universe in footings of the heavy oil militias.Harmonizing to the above representations of conventional oil, heavy oils and bitumen sedimentations, the conventional oil production in Canada has diminution over the past few old ages from 1.2 one million million million bd to 1 million bd including the visible radiation and medium classs oil every bit good as the heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan Fieldss as of 2006. Harmonizing to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers ( CAPP ) , during the same period of five twelvemonth span from 2001 to 2006 the entire production from the mined oil littorals and oil littorals produced in situ by the assistance of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ( SAGD ) or may be through other methods increased from the 659000 bd in 2001 to 1.1 million bd in 2006 and this estimations might travel every bit high as 4 million bd in 2020. Russia has approximately 246.1 billion barrels of natural bitumen of which 33.7 billion barrels which is about merely the 14 % of entire is recoverable. The staying 86 % can non be realistically recovered as they exists in distant countries or split in many little sedimentations.The nature of heavy oil is a job for recovery operations and for polishing receivable to high viscousness due to which makes the rendering recovery disbursal and the front line of sulfur content may be high and increases the disbursal of polishing the oil. When compared to conventional crude oil, heavy oil typically has the low proporti ons of volatile components with low molecular weights and well higher sums of high molecular weight compounds of lower volatility. The high molecular weight member of heavy oils are comprised of complex mixture of distinct molecular and chemical types incorporating a assorted bag of compounds which might non need aboundingy be merely alkane components or asphaltene components with higher thaw points and pour points that may greatly lend to hapless fluids belongingss and low mobility of the heavy oil. The presence of asphaltene components are non merely the primary parkway for the high particular proposition gravitation of the heavy oils nor are the premier cause for production jobs. It is as well as indispensable to see the content of rosin components and redolent(p) components presence in the heavy oil during its recovery and production.Heavy oil, as a resource is ever overlooked due to its trouble and the higher production cost involved in conveying the heavy oil onto the su rface from reservoirs. As described by the geochemists that when crude oil beginning stone is generated, the petroleum oil produced by it is non heavy but it becomes heavy after the significant debasement during migration and after the entrapment. Degradation occurs through a assortment of biological, chemical and physical unconscious processs in the earths subsurface beds. Bacteria borne by surface H2O metabolise the paraffinic, napthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons into heavier molecules. Formation Waterss besides remove hydrocarbons by solution, rinsing eat up lower molecular-weight hydrocarbons, that are soluble in H2O. The petroleum oil besides finally degrades by the devolatilization if hapless quality seals allow lighter molecules to divide and fit away. The heavy oil typically forms from the younger geological stone formations like Pleistocene, Pliocene and Miocene stones. Those reservoirs possess the tendancy to be shallow deepnesss and less effectual seals in the stone f ormations.By early periods of 1900s, new progressed oil recovery modus operandis were deevloped such as Cold yield which is a primary recovery procedure. By executing the Cold Production at reservoir temperatures, the recovery effeciencies range from merely 1 % to 10 % boulder clay it reaches the maximal economical recovery factors. Oilfield companies requires long term investing for heavy oil recovery and due to the ground that heavy oil creates conveyance troubles, is a more dearly-won and polishing techniques for bring forthing marketable merchandises. because their engineering value is assessed by their ability for cut downing its entire cost. Most of the heavy oil Fieldss are shallow makes the boring be non a dominant factor but the increasing factor of figure of many-sided Wellss and horizontal Wellss makes it to present some costs durng the development phases. Within these costs, the primary costs if for the doing the heavy oil to mobilise by shooting the steam required. Every part in the universe has oil possessing different physical belongingss and is at different phase of procedure adulthood, therefore every part uses different development and production techniques forheavy oil recovery.Mechanism of formation of Heavy oilAs the specific gravitation of reservoir oil lessenings with deepness, API graity additions with deepness. The ripening phenomenon of oil takes topographic point in beginning and reservoir stones which makes the kerogen bring forthing lighter oil with deepness in the latter. Hence, the mean tendency observed worldwide is that the higher API gravitation oil is found at th increasing depths though less oil is produced with deepness. This must(prenominal) be pointed out that these are general tendencies but there are exclusions.There are assorted procedures that change the original oil that is produced during the migration procedure of oil and due to its subsequent accretions. Different procedures inculdes the biodegradation, H2O l avation, oxidization, deasphalting/evaporation and discriminatory migration of the igniter constituents.Biodegradation of the petroleum oils can alter the composings and physical belongingss over a certain geological timescales. Different micro-organisms that are present in the deposits of the oil bearing stones and bearing the crude oil reservoirs. They utilize the hydrocarbons as the beginning of C for their metabolic procedures. That procedure may be aerophilic or anaerobiotic. Largely the hydrocarbons are oxidized into intoxicants and acids. Simple consecutive ironss are prefered, but as the biodegradation continues, more of the complex molecules are increasingly being consumed. The long chained paraffins are oxidized for giving di-acids. Similarly, napthene and aromatic rings are oxidized to di-alcohols. This biodegradation phenomenon consequences in the loss of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon content, roll uping rosins and asphaltenes and besides lessening of API gravitatio n which autmatically defines as addition in denseness of the oil. The biodegradation procedure an go through if the reserrvoir temperatures do non transcend 800to 820.Heavy oils mould on Physical Properties of Rocks During ProductionHeavy oils have a shear modulus, act like a solid at low temperatures.They are strongly temperature dependant.Gas coming out of the solution might be it smallest sums can bring forth a big geophysical signature.Heavy oils normally acts as the cementing agent in unconsolidated littorals.During the production, reservoir stone matrix is frequently changed structurally.Physical belongingss of the stones possesing heavy oils are largely teperature dependant and frequence dependant every bit good.Simple Gassmann permutation provide neglect in heavy oil reservoirs.Crude oils which chiefly has hydrocarbons or the coompounds consisting H and C merely. Other elements such as S, N and O are besides present in small sums and are combined with C and H in complex m olecules. As these oils get heavier and becoome more viscours, their composing becomes complex and they forms concatenation and sheet constructions with the addition in thir molecular weights.Heavy oil, unlike conventional crude oil can non be recovered as an accretion unless there is any reservoir trap and that requires the boundary between the cap stone or any other waterproofing agent, and the reservoir stone by and large be in a bulging upward projection form, but the exact signifier of the boundary varies widely. Many of the oil and gas accumuylations are confine in the anticlines or domes, these constructions are more conviniently detected than any other types of traps.Heavy Oil Recovery TechniquesSurface excavationSurface excavation procedure is a wide class of excavation in which dirt and stone overlying the mineral sedimentations are removed. It is the antonym of belowground excavation, in which the overlying stone is left in topographic point, and the mineral removed thr ough shafts or tunnels. Surface excavation began in the mid-sixteenth century 1 and is practiced throughout the universe, although the come out of surface excavation occurs in North America.Surface excavation consists of three chief stages. After depriving off and carrying the sites peculiarly fertile overburden, the pitch sand which is in the signifier of an ore is removed utilizing prodigious power shovels and shit trucks. In the 2nd stage the ore is washed in hot H2O, bitumen, and mulcts. A resolvent is added to the mixture to advance seperation of the bitumen. eventually the residuary mixture of H2O and sand is normally transferred to big deposit basins. The clarate is recycled and the settled solids are used to make full the cavity at the terminal of extraction operations. At the surface, the sites are rehabilitated which includes replacing an replanting the fertile overburden that was stockpiled at the beginning of the the undertaking.MentionsSchlumberger Oilfield Review M agazine, Autumn 2002

Free education Essay

When Thomas Edison set out to create the light bulb, his intention was to reduce the amount of conviction that people spent quiescency. His idea was that if people had light to work by they could and would work longer hours. In his mind, peace was something that was not driveed and stood opposed to develop (Coren, 1996). Anything which tends to slow work down is a waste. We are always hearing people talk about loss of sleep as a calamity. They get around call it loss of time, vitality, and opportunity. -Thomas Edison Even great minds, like Edisons, dirty dog be wrong at times.Some researchers argue that had Edison spent more time sleeping it would not leave taken him more than 1000 attempts to create his light bulb. Research has shown that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individuals sensible health, mental health, and productivity. The information presented in this paper will address the importance of sleep in human health, safety, and productivity. First, som e visible issues attributed to sleep neediness will be discussed. Next, mental problems linked to lack of sleep with be outlined with documented cases.Lastly, examples of errors and disasters that have been trussed to sleep lack will be presented. There are many physical issues that are linked to sleep deprivation. Cardiovascular problems and greater risk of death have been tied to lack of sleep. The human body requires sleep to restore and repair itself. When the body does not get the rest it requires the consequences can be quite unfortunate. Poor sleep has been shown to accession the risk of high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, and heart attack.The human liver produces a protein called C-reactive protein that is used by the body to help oneself in rejoinder to inflammation, injury, or infection and is removed by the body when the inflammation, injury, or infection is gone or heals. This protein binds to damaged cells, as well as some bacteria, to aid in removing them from the body. This allows the body to heal. One study showed that over a period of five mean solar days during which a subject was denied sleep, the C-reactive protein builds up in blood at a steady and significant rate. Sleeping allows the body time to process and remove these proteins.An increase of these proteins can at times lead to heart attack, stroke, or high blood pressure (Meier-Ewert , Ridker , Rifai, Regan, Price, Dinges & Mullington, 2004). The body is able to restore itself and heal when given between six and eight hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. bit a person sleeps the tolerant system is working to restore and revive the body. When the human body is not granted enough sleep, the immune system is not able to fully complete the task of taking care of and healing the body. Lack of sleep can also cause the number of T-cells to decline in the human body.T-cells aid in immunity and assist other cells in their functions. Lower T-cell levels mean that the body is less able to fight off infection, stifle inflammation, or heal an injury (Mann, 2010). When the body is unable to heal itself, there is greater risk of death. Sleep deprivation can also lead to an increase of stress, which has been linked to heart disease, obesity, depression, gastrointestinal issues, as well as mental heath issues. Allowing the body to rest and rejuvenate during sleep helps ensure that many physical issues associated with the lack of sleep can be avoided.Another way that lack of sleep increases the chance of early death is in traffic accidents. The National road Traffic Safety Administration gives a conservative estimate that 100,000 reported crashes per year are a result of a fatigue dutyd driver (Facts and stats 2012). mental illness has also been linked to lack of sleep. Issues ranging from poor concentration, inability to focus, memory loss, the appearance of psychosis, and diagnosed mental disorders have been attributed to sleep deprivation. In the past, resear chers believed that poor sleep was caused by psychiatric problems.However, recent research is showing that a lack of sleep is usually the catalyst of mental disorders. When the human body necessarily to concentrate or focus when it has not had enough sleep, it produces hormones adrenaline and cortisol in an attempt to engage and wake itself up. These hormones give the body a short-term boost in energy and they affect the body in some(prenominal) the aforesaid(prenominal) way that caffeine does. Once the boost in energy is finished, the body much crashes and a person returns to feeling tired unable to concentrate or focus again.These hormones, again like caffeine, often make a person feel edgy of jumpy, which may impede concentration and focus. These hormones have also been directly linked to increase stress in the human body (Hart, 1985). Memory loss can also be a result of sleep deprivation. Memories are captured and recalled in the brain by a three-step process. The first ste p in creating memories is acquisition where a person has their first experience with what will become the memory. The next is consolidation which occurs while a person sleeps. In this step a memory becomes unchangeable in a persons brain.Recall, the final step, is the ability to access the memory in the future. When the brain is denied the opportunity to stabilize a memory during sleep, a person is much less likely to retain the memory (Chang, 2011). Studies have also shown that students who study regularly and get a good night sleep before exams generally do better than students who cram the night before. The information that the student needs is better solidified in the brain and is ready for recall when the student needs to access the information (Sifferlin, Augu). Symptoms of psychosis have also been directly tied to sleep deprivation.In at least ii documented cases, persons who went without sleep for extended periods of time showed symptoms similar to psychosis. In 1964 Rand y Gardner attempted to gain entry into the Guiness Book of Work Records by staying awake for eleven days (264 hours). Gardner suffered a gamut of symptoms. Days two through five found Gardner unable to concentrate, irritable, unwilling to cooperate with others, and hallucinating. During days six through nine Gardners speech slowed, his irritability increased, and he began to have lapses in his memory.He often would begin sentences without finishing them and he had difficulty recalling the names of common objects. Paranoia began to set in on day ten. On day eleven, Gardners speech was slurred and without intonation. He seemed expressionless and had to be encouraged to talk or respond to someone talking to him (Ross, 1965). A similar horizontal surface is told of Peter Tripp, a disk jockey from New York. In an effort to raise money for the March of Dimes, Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours. He showed many of the same symptoms that Gardner did. Tripps experience with sleep deprivation e nded with him mistaking a doctor for an undertaker.He charged out of the room with doctors following close behind. Tripps mind could no longer determine what was real and what was not (Ross, 1965). With the aid of doctors, Randy Gardner was able to recover completely from his psychotic episode. He was monitored while he slept and eventually returned to normal sleep patterns and a normal state of mind. Peter Tripp, however, suffered from his self-inflicted psychotic break. For some time after his sleepless stunt he feeling that he was an impostor of himself and complained of headaches and emotional instability.Lack of sleep can also affect how people perform at their jobs. Routine and remedial tasks are often affected by a lack of sleep. Simple errors, such as spelling, grammatical, mathematical, or clerical errors are most often made due to a lack of sleep. These errors can either go unnoticed or can be corrected without significant consequence. More significant errors are also at tributed to fatigue. betwixt 50,000 and 100,000 deaths each year are caused by preventable medical errors.Long shifts for doctors, interns, and nurses deny medical professionals sleep required for them to function a highlevels. The thermonuclear accident at Three Mile Island, the meltdown at Chernobyl, the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the explosion of space shuttle Challenger have all been linked to fatigue (Harris, Horne, 2000). Sleep deprivation is bad for your brain when you are trying to do high-level thinking tasks. It may have serious consequences both on performance and on the way your brain functions. -J. Christian Gillin, M. D. (DeNoon, 2000) In research and in experience it has been proven that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individuals physical health, mental health, and productivity.An individuals physical health is affected by sleep deprivation by an increased risk of death, cardiovascular problems, and issues with their immune system. A persons m ental health suffers as well from a lack of sleep. Memory loss, inability to concentrate or focus, and even psychotic episodes have been traced to sleep deprivation. Randy Gardner and Peter Tripp are prime examples of what happens to the brain when it goes without sleep. Poor job performance and errors ranging from insignificant to catastrophic have been linked to a lack of sleep. The amount of sleep needed for each individual is different.Where some people are able to function on very little sleep, others need many hours to fully restore and rejuvenate. References Coren, S. (1996). Sleep thieves an eye-opening exploration into the mystery and science of sleep. New Yok, NY Free Press Paperbacks. Hart, A. (1985). Adrenaline and stress. United States W Publishing Group. Meier-Ewert , H. , Ridker , P. , Rifai, N. , Regan, M. , Price, N. , Dinges, D. , & Mullington, M. (2004, February 18). magnetic core of sleep loss on c-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk .. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/14975482.Mann, D. (2010, January 19). Can better sleep mean catching fewer colds?. Retrieved from http//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/immune-system-lack-of-sleep Harrison Y, Horne J. 2000. The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making A review. Retrieved from http//healthysleep. med. harvard. edu/healthy/matters/consequences/sleep-performance-and-public-safety Facts and stats. (2012). Retrieved from http//drowsydriving. org/about/facts-and-stats/ Ross, J. (1965). Neurological findings after prolonged sleep deprivation. Arch Neurol, 12, 399-403. Retrieved from http//www.psychiatrictimes. com/print/article/10168/54471? pageNumber=1&printable=true Chang, L. (2011, March 18). Sleep deprivation and memory loss. Retrieved from http//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-deprivation-effects-on-memory? page=2 DeNoon, D. (2000, February 09). Lack of sleep takes toll on brain power. Retrieved from htt p//www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/news/20000209/lack-of-sleep-takes-toll-on-brain-power Sifferlin, A. (Augu). cartridge clip healthland. Retrieved from http//healthland. time. com/2012/08/21/study-or-sleep-for-better-grades-students-should-go-to-bed-early/ EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION1.

Accounts Receivable and Blades

1. Assuming that lodges in Thailand issue a time muster on behalf of Sports Equipment Inc. and Major Leagues Inc. , would Blades receive payment for its roller blades before it delivers them? Do the rims outlet the time drafts cover payment on behalf of the Thai retailers if they default on the payment? ANSWER No, Blades would not receive payment before it delivers roller blades to Sports Equipment Inc. and Major Leagues Inc. if banks in Thailand issue a time draft on the retailers behalf. The wonted(prenominal) time of payment under a time draft is the maturity of the draft, and Blades relies on the retailers to pay the drafts at maturity.No, the banks issuing the time drafts do not guarantee payment on behalf of the Thai retailers if they default on the payment. The draft merely represents Blades formal demand for payment from the buyer and affords Blades less protection than a garner of commendation, since the banks are not obligated to honor payments on the buyers behalf. 2. What payment method should Blades suggest to Sports wagon train Inc.? Substantiate your answer. ANSWER Blades should suggest to Sports Gear Inc. that its bank issue a letter of credit on its behalf.In a letter of credit, the bank is substituting its credit for that of the buyers, and Blades would be assured of receiving payment from the issuing bank as long as it presents the necessary documents in accordance with the L/C. The issuing bank is then obligated to honor drawings under the L/C. On the separate hand, Sports Gear Inc. does not have to pay for the goods until shipment has been made and documents are presented in good enjoin. 3. What organization could Blades contact in order to insure its sales to the Thai retailers? What character of insurance do these organizations provide?ANSWER Blades could contact the Export-Import Bank of the U. S. (Ex im bank), which provides insurance protection against the risk of nonpayment by foreign buyers. Under such insurance coverage, Ex im bank will reimburse Blades between 90 and 100 portion of the insured amount, depending on the type of policy and buyers. 4. How could Blades use accounts due financing or factoring, considering that it does not currently have accounts receivable in Thailand? If Blades uses a Thai bank to obtain this financing, how do you think the fact that Blades does not have receivables in Thailand would affect the terms of the financing?ANSWER Blades could use accounts receivable financing and factoring using its accounts receivable in the U. S. Using accounts receivable financing, Blades could obtain a loan from a bank that would be secured by an assignment of the accounts receivables. Using factoring, Blades could sell the U. S. accounts receivable to a factor. Either approach is probably available to Blades if it decides to use a U. S. bank. However, it could also attempt to conduct accounts receivable financing of factoring of its U. S. receivables using a bank in Thailand.Thai bank s may consider the assignment of foreign receivables less attractive than the assignment of domestic receivables and may require high interest rates (accounts receivable financing) or discount the receivables heavily (factoring). 5. Assuming that Blades is unable to locate a Thai bank that is willing to issue an L/C on Blades behalf, behind you think of a way Blades could utilize its bank in the U. S. to effectively obtain an L/C from a Thai bank? ANSWER Blades could necessitate whether its U. S. bank has a correspondent bank in Thailand. In that case, the Thai bank may be willing to accept a letter of credit issued by Blades U.S. bank on Blades behalf. 6. What organizations could Blades contact to obtain on the job(p) capital financing? If Blades is unable to obtain working capital financing from these organizations, what are its other options to finance its working capital needs in Thailand? ANSWER There are several organizations Blades could contact to obtain working capital f inancing. For example, the Ex im banks Working Capital Guarantee Program encourages commercial banks to extend short-term financing by providing a comprehensive guarantee that covers 100 percent of the loans rincipal and interest. Furthermore, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) will provide medium- to long-term financing to U. S. investors undertaking an overseas venture. If Blades is unable to obtain working capital financing from these organizations, it could ask its bank for a short-term loan that finances the working capital cycle that begins with the purchase of inventory and continues with the sale of the goods, debut of an account receivable, and conversion to cash.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold and the Stranger Essay

Conflict Resulting From the Negative Effects of Rigid Societal Expectations in A Chronicle of A Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and The Stranger by Albert Camus Everyone has felt the pressure of societal expectations during their lifetime. The negative effects community brings on ones life so-and-so lead to a feeling of rejection towards the slew who do not conform to meet those standards.Gabriel Garcia Marquez, author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and Albert Camus, author of The Stranger, both force the external righteous conflict of society versus the protagonist in order to critique the way society fails to accept the moral values of the volume who dissent from the norm. In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Garcia Marquez emphasizes the central conflict of society versus the protagonist, based on beliefs and values, through the controersy leading up to the murder of capital of Chile Nasar, which is based on family honor and pre-marital sex.When Pedro and Pa blo Vicario ask their sister, Angela Vicario, who had stolen her virginity, her response is described as She only took the time necessary to say the name and she nailed it to the wall with her well-aimed dart, like a butterfly with no will whose sentence has already been scripted. capital of Chile Nasar, she said(47). Describing Angelas response as only took the time necessary indicates that she is trying to lay out the blame on Santiago, making him a scapegoat, in order to protect the true partkind who took her virginity before marriage.In the Latin American society, where the setting of the novelette takes place, it is not acceptable for a wo spell to have pre-marital sex due to the beliefs and morals of Catholics. Santiago is represented as the butterfly whose sentence had already been written. Even though there is no evidence Santiago took Angelas virginity, it is the twins duty to protect their sister. Therefore, Pedro and Pablo Vicario set out to kill the man who had stol en their sisters virginity, Santiago Nasar, in order to protect their family.The twins tell everyone in town about(predicate) their plan to murder Santiago, but the people in the community doubt their intentions twenty-two people decl bed they had heard everything said, and they all coincided in the impression that the only reason the brothers had said it was so that soul would come over to hear them(51). The people in the town who coincide in the impression that the only reason the brothers had said it was so that soul would come over to hear them shows how oblivious the townspeople act owards a societal members life. ships company looks past at the fact that a murder is about to occur, but focuses on the purpose family honor, which is highly respected. Since it is unacceptable for a female to have sex before marriage, Santiago is viewed in a negative take fire by society because he is accused of taking the virginity of an unmarried woman. The debate surrounding Santiagos death highlights the conflict between society and the protagonist, where Santiago is a man who is accused of committing an act that society does not accept.Albert Camus, in The Stranger, constructs the protagonist, Monsieur Meursault, as a man who has absurdist morals and values, which society does not accept. Meursault has an intimate kindred with Marie Cardona, a former typist, but the connection does not go beyond a physical attraction she wanted to know if I loved her. I answered the same way I had the last time, that it didnt mean anything but that I probably didnt love her (41).By Meursault stating it didnt mean anything and I probably didnt love her highlights his absurdist views on life he believes life contains no purpose, thus he cannot love Marie because loving Marie would give life a purpose, which Meursault does not believe. He simply associates with Marie, because he likes being around her. There is no need for an emotional connection because the physical appearance of her is satisfying enough. Absurdism is not accepted in society therefore it does not accept Meursault.He is an outsider in a world he did not choose. Meursault is a man who does not show his emotions very well, but instead focuses on his physical need I explained to him, however, that my nature was such that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings (65). Meursault saying that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings emphasizes the simplistic life he livea life without meaning. Showing emotions would think of a life with purpose, which Meursault does not believe.The Algerian society, in which the novella takes place, does not accept the type of lifestyle Meursault lives and believes every life should be lived with a purpose. Societys expectations clash with Meursaults values because his beliefs and outlooks on life are not accepted by society, which sets up the external conflict between the two. In the external conflict between society and the protagonist, Gar cia Marquez emphasizes the negative effects society has on a person who goes against the social norm by showing the dark opinions towards the Pedro and Pablo Vicario regarding Santiagos murder.After brutally stabbing Santiago to death, the Vicario twins sprint to the church to inform the priest of their barbaric act Both were half-hearted from the barbarous work of death, and their clothes and arms were soaked and their faces smeared with sweat and still living blood but the priest recalled the surrender as an act of bulky dignity(49). The priest calling the murder an act of great dignity shows how, in the Latin American society, family honor is highly valued, no matter how farthest it is taken. Even though the twins have committed the worst crime imaginable, it is acceptable because it was done in order to protect their family.Pedro and Pablo Vicario are viewed as face-off expectations, as opposed to Santiago, who fails to follow them. When the crime was brought to hail, the twins had already won before it even started The lawyer stood by the thesis of the homicide in legitimate refutation of honor, which was upheld by the court in good faith, and the twins declared at the end of the trial that they would have done it again a thousand propagation over for the same reason (48). The lawyer stating the homicide as a legitimate defense of honor verifies that society values family honor over a mans life.The court case represents the conflict of society against Santiago and since he goes against societys values, Santiago ends up dying, indicating societys victory. The twins do not receive any severe punishment, because of their intentions to protect their family. Through Santiagos death, Garcia Marquez stresses the harmful effects society can have on someone whose beliefs differ from societal standards. Camus constructs Meursaults trial to critique societys lack of acceptance towards the people who do not meet expectations.Throughout the court case, Meursau lt is quickly judged by the prosecutor due to his actions concerning his mothers death, He said the truth was that I didnt have a soul and that zippo human, not one of my moral principles that governs mens hearts, was within my reach (101). The prosecutor bluntly stating that Meursault didnt have a soul and is incapable of having moral principles that governs mens hearts highlights how society does not understand Meursaults morals and values, thus critiques his character and neglects him. Meursault is looked down upon because of how he acted on the day of Mamans funeral.He does not express feelings towards his mothers death because he is an absurdist and believes death is inevitable. Society believes that there is purpose to every societal members life, and since Meursault covers absurdist views, he is not accepted by society. To close his final argument against Meursault, the prosecutor states, I ask you for this mans headnever as strongly as today have I felt this painful duty made easier, light, clearer by the certain knowledge of a sacred assertive and by the horror I feel when I look into a mans face and all I see is a monster. (102). The exclusively trial is based around Meursaults character, and him being called a monster stresses the fact that society is unwilling to accept anyone who does not follow the expectations. Meursault does not share the same views that society wants, and as a result, he is rejected because of his moral values. By asking for this mans head the prosecutor shows how society neglects the people who share different views and therefore want them out of society completely.Camus uses the trial and Meursaults crime to emphasize the external conflict of society versus the protagonist, Meursault, to demonstrate how society does not accept people who share different moral values. The negative effects society has on the people who do not meet expectations are emphasized through the external conflict, based of moral values, between t he protagonist and society in the Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and The Stranger by Albert Camus. Both novellas show the harmful consequence faced by the protagonist, who do not conform to societal expectations, which evidently resulted in death.

Economic Concern in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice had a long and varied life before it finally saw publication on January 28, 1813. Austen began the book, in the beginning titled First Impressions, in 1796. Economic concerns atomic number 18 all over the place in this novel. One of the things that Austen does so well is to poke fun of the wholly neighborly class mentality of England during that time. In the novel, the social and economic classes are drawn very understandably. For example, the bennets are middle class and they are made to make do it by their economic and social superiors the Bingleys and Darcys.There is a sense of entitlement among the wealth and a sense of subservience among the others. One of the clearest examples of this dynamic based on social class is Mr. Collins who acts like a slave to his cultural superiors, like Lady Catherine de Brourgh. Finally, what makes the story so great is that this tension is teased out until bed wins. The marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy is the resolution, but for this to happen Darcy has to overcome his pride and Elizabeth her prejudice. Both are rooted in class consciousness.In Pride and Prejudice, there are many characters who do not have financial concerns, such as Mr. Darcy, Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mr. Bingley. Therefore I will restrict myself to talking about the bennet family, and in particular, Mrs. white avens, in this response. Key to focus on is the way that, at least in part, it is economic reasons that are behind Mrs. Bennets hallucinating attempts to marry off as many of her daughters as possible.Note what we are told in the first paragraph of Chapter Seven about the brute realities of the existence of the Bennet girls Mr.Bennets property consisted almost entirely in an estate of two thousand a year, which , unfortunately for his daughters, was entailed in default of heirs male, on a distant relation and their mothers fortune, though ample for her situation in life, could but ill supply the defi ciency of his. Her father had been an attorney in Meryton, and had left her four thousand pounds. The exact details that we are given clearly indicate how important money is. The way in which the property of Longbourne is entailed absent from the female line adds new understanding to Mrs.Bennets determination that Lizzie should mary Mr. Collins, no matter what her personal feelings are, as it would effectively provide for Mrs. Bennet and the rest of the sisters after the event of Mr. Bennet. Later comments made by Mrs. Bennet about the Mr. Collins and Charlotte turning them out onto the street when Mr. Bennet dies, although are clearly exaggerated, nonetheless accurately reflect the uncertain future of this family unless they can marry off some of their daughters well to provide for the rest. Economic forces are therefore shown to comprise massively on the fortunes of this family.

Adolescents in Education

Studying in college means new purport. It solelyows new experiences and challenges. This pile be exciting but it can likewise be testful and make soul feel sad as well. The role of guide counselor is of great importance regarding the students adaptation in academic environment. The realization of students original and personal skills depends a lot on the degree of the success of counselors activities.The main puzzle of this research is to show that today the counselors practices still atomic number 18 not perfect. They are some narrow-directed and are composed mostly as the instructions for dealing with a student who is already in prove. Also, the scheme of organization of counselors activities which is suggested to make their work more efficient will be proposed.As Kenneth W. Merrel says in his component part students overcome depression and anxiety a practical guide (2001) Depression, anxiety, and related internalizing problems of children and adolescents have been the f ocus of increased nonrecreational concern during the past two or tree decades. During the majority of the 20th century, relatively little attention was given to these problems.Meanwhile, recently depression and stress have become rather a car park phenomenon of students life. For many young adults, the transition from high school to college is one of the most exciting periods of their lives. Normative developmental tasks, such as moving away from home, discipline new academic material, forming adult relationships, and managing time and money, can create feelings of independence and generate a sense of mastery and competence unparalleled in prior adolescence.As educators are well aware, however, these critical tasks can become a source of chronic stress, especially during the freshman year. If left unchecked, such stress can debunk or lead to more serious psychological disorders, which can, in turn, cause social isolation, school failure, and self-destructive behaviors.The Natio ns Voice on psychic Illness (2005) affirms that Most unsoundnesses develop between the ages of 17 to 25, but thats not to say it cant offset sooner or later than that. Speaking ab turn up American students, NYU Child Study Center (2004) shows similarly that- depression affects over 19 million American adults annually, including college students. At colleges nationwide, large percentages of students are feeling overwhelmed, sad, hopeless and so depressed that they are unable to function-eating disorders affect 5-10 million women and one million men nationwide, with the highest rates fadering among college-aged women. -suicide was the eighth leading cause of death for all Americans, the third leading cause of death for those aged 15-24 years, and the second leading killer in the college population in 1998. -nearly 50% of American teenagers of high-school age are currently, or have been, knowledgeablely active. Everyday, 8,000 teenagers in the United States become infected by a s exually transmitted disease (STD) The transition to student life has always been unsettling but being a student is quite different now from 20 years ago. Today we have a mass high education system, so universities tend to be much larger and less personal.Its very rare for students to go through a degree program with the selfsame(prenominal) 20 or 30 people instead they take different modules with large numbers of different people so its hard for them to build up support networks. And one dont exclusively have finals now, one have exams twice a year, each year, so the pressure is on from the moment one start until the moment he finishes.The causes of depression are complex. Very often a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental factors is involved in the onset of clinical depression.Common stressors in college life include greater academic demands, being on your own in a new environment, changes in family relations, financial responsibilities, changes in your socia l life, icon to new people, ideas, and temptations, awareness of your sexual identity and orientation, preparing for life after graduation. At times, however, depression occurs for no apparent reason.Whatever the cause is, depression is almost always treatable. besides the problem is not only to flap rid of the stress but to learn how to manage with it or (what would be the best solution) how to pr pointt it.The problem is also not only in a great threat for students health which is issued by stress but in making a student unable to develop his skills. Hundreds of students, sometimes very gifted ones, suffer because of depression which is a great obstacle on the way of their development as personalities.It must be said that nowdays the net of guide counselors is developed quite well and practically all educational establishments of famous have among their personnel victor psychologists who make a great deal of work. But it also must be noted that in recent years the intensity of so-called students stress hasnt rock-bottom but quite the contrary, it has increased a lot.Therefore, the main task of guide counselors is to learn to reveal the symptoms of depression at its early stage, name the students who are especially vulnerable to stress form the very beginning of their education and direct their behavior to the safe path.So, as it was already said, the first tread in defeating depression is recognizing it. Its normal to have some signs of depression some of the time. But five or more symptoms for two weeks or longer, or perceptible changes in usual functioning, are all factors that should be evaluated by a health or mental health professional.Depressive illnesses come in different forms. The fol wretcheding are descriptions of the three most prevalent, though for an individual, the number, severity, and duration of symptoms will deepenMajor depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with ones ability to work, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. These episodes can occur once, twice, or several times in a lifetime.Symptoms include sadness, anxiety, or empty feeling, decreased energy, fatigue, being slowed down, loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, appetite and weight changes (either loss or gain) ,sleep disturbances (insomnia, oversleeping, waking much precedent than usual), feelings of hopelessness, guilt, and worthlessness, thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts difficulty concentrating, making decisions, remembering, irritability or excessive crying, chronic aches or pain not explained by different physical condition.A less intense type of depression- dysthymia, involves long-term, chronic symptoms that are less severe, but keep you from functioning at your full ability and from feeling well. In bipolar illness (also known as manic-depressive illness), cycles of depression alternate with cycles of elation and increased activity, known as mania.Bipolar disorder is a type of depressive illness that involves mood swings that go from periods of depression to periods of being overly up and irritable. Sometimes the mood swings are dramatic or rapid, but most often they occur gradually, over several weeks.The up or manic phase can include increased energy and activity, insomnia, grandiose notions and impulsive or reckless behavior, including sexual promiscuity. Medication usually is effective in controlling manic symptoms and preventing the recurrence of both manic and depressive episodes.When the depression lasts for two weeks and more or interferes with academic or social functioning it may be clinical depression. clinical depression is a common, frequently unrecognized illness that can be effectively treated. Clinical depression can affect your body, mood, thoughts, and behavior.It can change your eating habits, how you feel and think, your ability to work and study, and how you interact with people. Clinical depression is not a whirl mood, a sign of personal weakness, or a condition that can be willed away.Clinically depressed people cannot pull themselves together and get better. Depression can be successfully treated. With the right treatment, 80 percent of those who seek help get better. And many people begin to feel better in just a few weeks.The notion of stress or depression is connected tightly with alcohol and drugs and suicide intentions. A lot of depressed people, especially teenagers, also have problems with alcohol or other drugs. Sometimes depression comes first and people try drugs as a way to escape it.Other times, the alcohol or other drug use comes first, and depression is caused by the drug itself, or withdrawal from it, or the problems that substance use causes. And sometimes one cant tell which came first. The classic point is that when one has both of these problems, the sooner he gets treatment, the better.Thoughts of death or suicide are usually signs of severe depression. Talking to a professi onal in this case can get student past those intense feelings and save his life. Suicidal thoughts, impulses, or behaviors always should be taken seriously. It is necessary to contact someone he or she trusts a good friend, academic or resident advisor.All the above mentioned problems referred to students stresses and depressions are suggested to be treated by counselors. The counselor is a teacher and psychologist at the same time. The relationship between teacher and learner essentially poses problems of human relations. Teachers bring more than knowledge to the relationship they are motivators, experts, judges.Teachers and learners share certificate of indebtedness for learning, and some question whether teaching has occurred if no learning occurred.Studies of teaching that produces the most learning suggest that effective teachers use an analytical and synthetic approach to the message matter, organize the material well to make it clear, and establish rapport with their studen ts.Most studies identify enthusiasm as important in promoting students learning. The key seems to be to make college courses thought-provoking but not threatening.Many stress models emphasize a mismatch between the individual and his or her environment. Both too little and too much stress inhibits learning. Stress is difficult to define because individuals react to it very differently, and a situation that is stressful for one person may not be for another. Further, stressed individuals vary widely in the effectiveness of their coping.The professional or academic adaptation is a kind of social adaptation. Academic adaptation consists of professional and psychological components. The psychological aspect has the leading role as it is the base for all the other stages of humans socialization.The academic adaptation is an intensive, dynamic and complex process in the course of which the individual elaborates constant skills of adaptation within the demands of his new environment. At t he very beginning there is an adaptation to the social environment of high school, and on the senior rates to the elected trade and profession.Thus, professional adaptation of the student at each subsequent stage includes adaptable abilities and the skills received at the previous stage as a basis. Each subsequent stage is the result of the development of the previous one with qualitatively new formations.It is necessary to point out a number of the initial subjective factors which negatively influence on the process of adaptation and underlying typical difficulties 1. An insufficient level of actual avidness for the high school program, neglect of many knowledge from rates of school disciplines what leads to backwardness of diligence and inquisitiveness, deficiency of the personal responsibility and educational activity, a low level of spiritual and intellectual potentials. 2. Feebly marked studies skills, insufficiently advanced verbal (abstract) thinking, backwardness of concen tration and distribution of attention, ignorance of effective mnemonic receptions, weakness of stubborn regulation. 3. A low level of culture and moral shown on a background limited life experience and a social maturity piece outlook and social infantilism. 4. Uncertainty in ones own forces, doubt in an opportunity of successful training in high schoolConsidering professional adaptation of the person as process, using concept professional adaptation , we designate result of this process. Thus, professional adaptation is a result of personal changes during the coordination of professional intentions, qualities of the person and requirements of concrete professional work at adequate reaction to own changes, changes of professional work and the professional environment under influence of the factors generated at inclusion of the person in system of continuous education.Hence, professional adaptation of the person of the student forms a psychological basis of his vocational training. The challenges while get education are especially important for gifted students. Many gifted youngsters have a heightened sensitivity to their surroundings, to events, to ideas, and to expectations. Some experience their own high expectations for feat as a relentless pressure to excel. Constant striving to live up to self-expectations-or those of others-to be first, best, or both can be very stressful. With every new course, new teacher, or new school questions arise about achievement and performance, since every new situation carries with it the frightening risk of being mediocre.Striving becomes even more stressful when unrealistic or unclear expectations are imposed by adults or peers. The pressure to excel, accompanied by other concerns such as feeling different, self-doubt (the imposter syndrome), and the need to prove their giftedness can drain the energy of gifted students and result in additional stress.Stress occurs even when everything is going well. Youngsters get tired from their constant efforts and may secretly fear that next time they will not be as successful.Many gifted students accept responsibility for a variety of activities such as a demanding course load leadership in school activities, clubs, or sports and part-time jobs. Even if it were humanly possible, doing everything well would be physically and emotionally stressful.

Poverty is a state of mind Essay

Even though some people make millions, poverty is still a problem in todays society. in that respect is an increasing gap between the wealthiest and the poorest people. This is also a problem in Britain. But is poverty really a state of header? That is the controversial program line made by freelance author Bernard coney who in an essay from 2012 writes about his childhood in poverty in a mining family in Leeds. As an adult, he experiences a different lovable of poverty. Bernard Hare was born in 1958 into a poor mining family in Leeds, but he neer felt the poverty as a child. His explanation for this is that their house was warm, the neighbors were welcoming, and that he spent a lot of time with his grandmother who lived across the street. Because he did non want to end up in poverty like his parents and also after being encouraged by his grandmother, he got into grammar school and later college. He started to ask into fights at stadiums because he supported the football cl ub, Leeds United.He was also arrested on more than one occasion. When Hare got to college, he started to drink and smoke. But he turned it around and became a successful social worker in London until he also had to provide for his father due to mining strikes. after that it all went downhill for Hare. He took drugs, drank, and sold drugs and stolen items. This changed in 1995 when he met the Shed Crew who was a group of 10 to 14 year olds living in an old shed in Hares old neighborhood. It put things in perspective and in 1997 he decided to become a writer because he wanted to tell the world the story about the Shed Crew. The final product was a memoir called Urban Grimshaw and the Shed Crew. Hare uses contrasts in this essay to get his point across. First of all, there is the contrast between his childhood life and his adult life and the differences between the two kinds of poverty he has experienced.Secondly, there is the contrast between the poverty he lived in as a child and the poverty he sees with the Shed Crew. Bernard Hare has lived in poverty for the most of his life, but it has been two kinds of poverty. As a child he lived in absolute poverty where there was not always food at the end of the week. His parents drank and smoked occasionally but according to himself he had a good childhood anyway. He was loved and cared for even though the means were limited. up to now as a young adult, he went down the wrong path which included drugs, drinking, and criminal behavior. in that respect he experienced a different kind of poverty. In away, he chose to be poor. As he also says so himself, he was capable of making good money but he chose the criminal way of life. You can take the boy out of poverty, but you cant take poverty out of the boy. (P 3 ll. 163-164) As previously said, Hare was loved as a child even though they were poor. That is the biggest difference between Hares childhood and the Shed Crews childhood. The Shed Crew had nobody to care for them , and they had been let down by society.Nobody is there to take care of them and to make sure that they will get a decent childhood. He uses his own experiences to shed light on how horrible the Shed Crews childhood has been. Hare was poor in call of money but was rich on love and supporting company mostly from his grandmother. However, the Shed Crew is poor both in terms of money, but they are also lacking love and support from responsible adults. They are lacking both in the spiritual and the materialistic way whereas Hares childhood was safe and good. Throughout the entire essay, Hare uses a lot of pathos in this essay while reflecting on his life story. He shares little, happy anecdotes from his childhood which are written in a humorous way, and he tries to create a mental picture of his childhood. As the years go by, the stories get darker and darker.There is not as much humor in his teenage and adult stories as there is in the childhood stories. This shows that the childish ignorance has disappeared from his mind and that he is now more aware of what is going on around him. Hare also writes that sometimes the decisions you make can effect whether or not you end up in poverty and more importantly how sometimes your choices in life can prevent you from getting out of poverty. For instance, Hares grandmother, who was teetotal, said this to him because his parents drank and smoked. Youll never have any money if you drink or smoke () I was becoming aware that there might be a self-inflicted element to some peoples poverty. (P 2 ll. 93-94, ll. 98-100)Is poverty really just a state of mind? The state of mind of the person in question might be a contributing factor to whether or not that person is in poverty. However, to say that it is exclusively the state of mind is an exaggeration. There are a lot of contributing elements to why people are poor and the mindset of the person could be an important factor. In some cases it is and in other cases its just a matt er of not having enough money to live. At least, it was a question of a state of mind for Bernard Hare.

Rivalry Between Friends

In the tour, A summer solstice nights Dream by William Shakespeare, the theme of opposites plays a prominent role. Shakespeare explores several relationships in this play, but the most intriguing is the relationship between Hermia and capital of Montana. Specifically, Shakespeare calls the refs attention to the relationship between Hermia and capital of Montana and their distinct differences. It is because of these differences that Hermia and capital of Montana develop a mutual compliancy and admiration for one another, though in the beginning of the play, the girls have a much rockier relationship. At kickoff glance, these two girls do not regulatem to be all that different, but as the play progresses, the reader realizes that a relationship of rivalry and jealousy exists.Hermia and Helena are both portrayed as beneficial young women. Helena is in love with a man named Demetrius, who happens to be her ex-boyfriend. Demetrius, however, does not return Helenas affections, but attempts to woo Hermia. Hermia is not interested in Demetrius attempts to win her tone, as she is deeply in love with Lysander. It is within this love triangle that Hermia and Helenas relationship exists in the form of a rivalry. By the end of the play, a noticeable change in Helena has occurred, and it is obvious that sheAs the play begins, the reader is thrust into this love affair between Hermia, Demetrius, Helena, and Lysander. Hermias father, Egeus, has forbidden her relationship with Lysander, forcing the two lovers to unify a plan to elope together. In this scene, the reader senses through her actions that Hermia is sure of both herself and her impeding elopement to Lysander. Hermia appears to be completely content with the man who loves her, and very secure in her own skin.Hermia confesses her plans to elope to her friend, Helena, who tells Demetrius of the plan in order to gain favor in his eyes. Helena, too, appears to be confident in her appearance and intelligence. Al though she is confused by Demetrius obvious disinterest in her, Helena make is very clear to the reader that she thinks very exceedingly of herself. This attitude is apparent when Helena says, Through Athens I am thought as fair as she (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 227).Although Helena appears to be overconfident in herself, she also has a situation of her that is very unsteady with herself, and envious of Hermia and the attention that Demetrius showers on her. Although Helena has made it clear that she is just a beautiful as Hermia, Helena believes that Demetrius is only in love with Hermia because of her beauty. It is apparent that Helena believes that she has more than than just beauty to offer Demetrius when she says, Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 134). A light while later, Puck, the right hand to the Fairy King, Oberon, attempts to give Helena her precious Demetrius.The plan, however, backfires, and it is Lysander who is made to woo Helena. When Lysander approaches Helena and tells her of his newfound feelings for her, she doesnt believe him and thinks that it is a joke. Helena yells at Lysander because she thinks that he is making a dispel of her. Wherefore was I to this keen mockery born? When at your hands did I deserve this refuse? (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 129-130). This contradicts Helenas earlier feeling of being just as harming as Hermia, and just as deserving of those things that she has.While Lysander is pursuing Helena, Hermia awakens to find her love missing. The reader is over again shown how confident and secure Hermia is when she worries that Lysander has been killed. The thought of Lysander being unfaithful to her never enters Hermias mind, and she assumes the worst when he is not there when she wakes.At the end of the play we see Helena and Demetrius are together, thanks to the correction of Lysanders assisted feelings for Helena. Helena seems to have accepted Demetrius affection, whether real or not, and decides to be with him. This shows that, contrary to previous actions, Helena is starting to believe that Demetrius feelings are true. Whereas earlier in the play she was running away from Demetrius, sure that he was mocking her in his attempts to woo her, now she is marrying him and committing her life to being with him.This marriage and Demetrius sudden change of heart also calm Helenas jealousy for Hermia. Originally, Demetrius had left Helena to woo Hermia, and now in Helenas mind, order has been restored by Demetrius return to her. At the end of the play we see a more secure character and obviously a much happier Helena.In the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, every character goes through an evolution and by the end of the play, everyone is wiser for the experiences they endured. In the beginning of the play, we see Helena as an overconfident and jealous girl who is desperately chasing after the man she loves. Hermia is a more stable, self-assured character, completely confid ent in her relationship with Lysander. As the play wears on, Helena becomes extremely insecure and suddenly unsure of herself, whereas the reader never sees Hermia falter.Hermia runs away from the man that she had been chasing after for so long, and questions his affection for her. In the end, alls well that ends well for Helena. She accepts Demetrius love and affection by marrying him, which creates more security for Helena, and gives her a sense of order restored in her life. Throughout the play, the reader sees Helena mature from an outwardly cocky, but to that degree inwardly insecure young woman into a self-assured and confident woman.Works CitedShakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. New York, NY Bantam Books, 1980.

My perception on Knowledge, Belief and Evidence

If I am asked, What alike the true tactual sensation do you need in order to provoke intimacy? I would answer that in order to have fellowship I need good grounds besides true belief. Those sources should be able to provide enough evidences that would put the belief beyond any apt doubt and should be aligned to the capacity of my senses. Thus, in my idea, I can have knowledge hardly when it becomes a properly grounded, true belief.When a question like When do you have good reason for doubting that a proposition is true? arises, I would answer that I could have good reason for doubting a proposition to be true, when I would have justifiable evidence challenging that proposition, to the goal of providing good reasons for not believing the proposition in question. In my view, a proposition should not have any equally potent counterpoints (i.e., credible and aligned to my senses) towards establishing its truth.And if some asks me, Is faith a source of knowledge? My answer will b e, No, Faith is not a source of knowledge to me. It is a choice of belief without any reasoning supported by evidence. It cannot be the source of knowledge, because I cannot make something true by believing it to be true. At best, Faith is something that I can induce onto someone under the parameters of human beings behavior to get a desired result which, again, is dependent on belief backed by reasoning enriched with evidence.Ends

Illuminating the Illusion Essay

Jay Chiat, and expert in the advertizing field, looked at advertising other than than those in the advertising business today. He launched the Energizer Bunny and Apple commercials. Not only that, he started a new age of advertising during the Super Bowl. Chiat was an amazing advertiser however, he reached a organise in 1997 where he desired to leave the marketing industry. He no longer agreed with the ideals of the advertising world. In Chiats essay, Illusions are Forever, he uncovers the true ideals of the marketing industry.His essay discusses how the falsehoods in advertising lie in the situations, values, beliefs, and cultural norms used to sell a message.(212) Through this essay, Chiat uses strong, vivacious words to create an go steady of the true face of advertising. In the equivalent manner, he includes examples and descriptions that embellish that image and grab the attention of the reader.Amidst e very(prenominal)(prenominal) of this, Chiat composes his essay in a man ner that allows for a clarify, insightful message to come across. Chiat is indeed acidulous of advertising, but that does non affect his message. He remains conversational passim the course of the essay. The technique that Chiat uses throughout his writing is superb, and he does an excellent job of getting his message across.Chiat uses strong, vivid word choice throughout his essay to give his readers a precise image of the schemes used by todays advertisers. Chiats words unrelenting(213) and 24-hour-a-day drumbeat(213) allow his readers to imagine how advertisers are constantly hammering their ideas into the heads of the viewers. Words much(prenominal)(prenominal) as robs us(213) allow Chiat to make the point that advertisers rob Americans of their view of life, replacing it instead with an joke.Chiat also uses seductive(214) to give his readers a further understanding of what advertisers are seeking. Chiat is using words such as seductive(214) to enlighten consumers to the i dea that advertisers twist their lies in a air that is seemingly satisfy to the eyes but is still made up of lies. Chiats words are critical of advertisers and how they do non truly care about their consumer. Chiat, nonetheless, does not blind his reader to the essays procedure by getting lost in the emotional rhetoric.Chiats writing is filled with informative and luxuriant rhetorical modes that greatly add to the impact of his argument. Unlike many writers who seem to get lost in their descriptions of a topic, Chiat includes examples, definitions and descriptions while still shining light upon the advertising backdrop. One instance of this occurs when Chiat uses the example of the unify ring from DeBaers, Chiat uses this example to help the readers visualize how the advertisers seek to infiltrate the minds of their consumers.Following this example, Chiat then defines unmediated(213) as without media(213). Chiat defines unmediated(213), a word that most take lightly, in an eff ort to give his readers a assoil understanding of the strategies used by advertisers. A few paragraphs later, Chiat proceeds to describe internet advertising. Chiat gives a clear image to his readers on how internet advertisers drag adults in with their authoritative-looking(213) websites.Chiats placement of these examples, definitions and descriptions is excellent. He places them in positions that not only increase the scarper of the writing but also pique the interests of his readers. Adding the rhetorical modes previously mentioned is very important for writers such as Chiat because there are points in writing where the footfall of the writing dies down. Chiat places these modes in marvelous positions that honor up the pace of the article as it moves along.Along with descriptive words and examples, government of ideas is also critical when writing an essay, and Chiats layout of paragraphs is very logical, and in turn deductive, in other words, the cerebrate follows the thes is. Chiat opens up his essay with a bit of background on advertising in order to gird the thesis that follows. His thesis is clear and to the point. Because his thesis is mentioned in the beginning of the essay, and the reasoning behind his essay follows in each of the body paragraphs, Chiats essay follows this deductive style.Chiat then uses this combination to capture the readers attention and make them want to read more with each following paragraph. Chiat pulls the reader along not only with his strong words but also by arranging his ideas in a fashion that allows for a constant pace. In the same manner, each of the points that Chiat makes relates back to the thesis. The readers are not led up to anapparent climax only to find another exposition Chiats points are clear and flow beautifully. He includes good transitions that allow the writing to have the feel of a constant flow and not have abrupt stops in the middle of the writing where a change in statement occurs. Chiat has a great understanding of how to organize his thoughts, and he demonstrates that in his writing.Besides simply writing in a way that is pleasing to the eyes, Chiat also keeps a good tone throughout the course of the writing. This allows him to keep his readers from turning to other writings. The tone throughout his essay is bitter, but Chiat remains conversational at the same time.The descriptions of the different advertisers are definitely negative Chiat makes it clear that he does not agree with advertisers. In the cogitate paragraph of his essay, Chiat challenges us to find our own personal truth rather than the apparitional truth presented to us by advertisers. In a similar manner, Chiat says in his final paragraph that people should ignore the visual sensation of life offered by advertisers. Amidst all of this negativity, Chiats writing maintains a conversational feel. Chiat involves his readers directly by petition them questions, having them imagine images, etc Chiat may hav e held a bitter tone over the course of the essay, and though in many cases writers using a bitter tone in their writing drive away their readers with their extensive negativity, Chiat does not overpower his readers with his negative thoughts and descriptions. In fact, Chiats calm yet bitter tone allows his readers to mend embrace his feelings.Chiat uses strong word choice and rhetorical modes, clear organization, and an inviting tone to strengthen his essay on the schemes behind advertising. These different components throughout his essay enable his readers to gain a broad understanding of Chiats different poins and the lies surrounding them every day. Chiat uses his great understanding of these different devices to uphold a steady pace and a smooth flow. Chiats Illusions are Forever is a well spoken essay. It captures the interests of its readers, it is very informative, and it is a very relaxed read for a negative view of advertising.

Improvements in Public Health

Between 1840 and 1900 living conditions in towns improved. How did the work of political sympathies, topical anaesthetic councils and individuals bring this about? In this essay I will discuss the conditions in towns between 1840 and 1900 and the improvements in Public wellness since 1840. opus doing this I will link reasons together to achieve my final conclusion. I will begin with an account statement of living conditions in towns and cities in the early 19th snow. Living in the early 19th century was very tough for close to mountain. At least 80% were working class.Ho expenditures where sm completely and over displace allowing diseases to cattle ranch easily. The air was polluted, poor and environment unhealthy because the community did not know about the causes and consequences of pollution. For physical exertion, burn burning from houses and factories was polluting the environment, but it was the main(prenominal) source of fuel. The environment was not just damage d by coal burning and the resulting sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide, it was in like manner unbearable because of the terrible aspect and insanitary living conditions.The smell was caused by the lack of potage system, public cans (as barely rich people could afford a toilet in the house), dirty water supply unhygienic disposal of waste and the fact that picking methods were inadequate no reliable products. The filth was particularly bad in the Soho district of London. In the late summer of 1854 thither was a sudden outbreak of cholera. Dr John Snow quoted that it was the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever so occurred in the kingdom. Over the first 3 days of September 127 people died that lived on or tight-fitting Broad Street.In some parts of the metropolis the mortality rate was just 12. 8%. nothing knew were it came from. The city stunk of human waste and the river Thames was a sewer. As the city grew the waste was increasing. When there was heavy rainf all the basements were flooded. This meant that people living in the basement and the rest of the house were in contact with raw sewerage and this would also attract disease and vermin and spread infections. Everyone wanted a clean fresh city where they could breathe clean air, drink and wash in clean water and live and keep their holding in clean houses.I consider that peoples ignorance to the effects of their actions and the fact that they had no alternatives had a big shock on the living conditions in the early 19th century. This is because many people were so poor and uneducated they had no choice but to live in these conditions. This was particularly relevant in London and main industrialised towns and cities where people moved from the country because many were losing their jobs. This was because the invention of machinery on work and therefore labored people to evacuate to bigger cities with more work needed.In the country they may only submit been able to get seasonal wo rk in the fields and they dreamt of a offend sustenance in the city where there was more regular work available in the factories. They needed to live in the bigger towns to have the opportunity to earn money in factories and workhouses. As London was rapidly growing, the health conditions got worse. Streets were filled with rubbish and dead animals and never cleaned. Street cleaners only clean roads with people living there who could afford to pay their wages.The fact that there was little public services for example there was no national health services and you had to pay for the health services, there was no clean running water, poor structured houses full of people, filth and germs round every corner and the fact that the stateless children and even some adults, as seen in the cartoon bellow, where rolling around in the waste on the streets. The picture is a cartoon drawn at a time when the government believed that looking subsequently the poor, the old and the sick was the j ob of individuals and their families.They also believed in individualism and self help believing that if the government did too much for people they would become weak and dependent. This was named laissez faire. This is French for do little or nothing. It was there duty to make laws and deal with wars, but not to babysit the community. At the end of the 19th century, the city life was improving little by little. New laws, much(prenominal) as the 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act, meant that better housing was cosmos built. It was an act of the parliament designed by Richard Cross, Home Secretary.The Act made the owners give their slums to the council so they could sever the areas of slum housing to be redeveloped by commercial builders with low interest. The Artisans Dwelling Act of 1885 was considered one of most significant acts of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraelis presidency. The improvements to public heath brought real benefits. By this time cities had facilities to meet all k inds of interests, from dance halls to chapels. People joined together in a wide range of clubs and societies. There were close to 700,000 allotments by 1881.Allotment holders held competitions for flowers and vegetables. Enthusiasts, usually men, took time to trouble over breeding birds such(prenominal) as pigeons or canaries. Choirs were very democratic, usually as part of church or chapel life. Many played in brass bands, often sponsored by a factory-owner. By the end of the century, cycling had become a popular hobby with both sexes. Thousands began to spend their Saturday watching sport. Various kinds of football had been popular for centuries. They were crude rough games, with a few(prenominal) rules. Now people lived in clean houses and apartments.In Birmingham Joseph Chamberlain made calls for slum clearance, improved housing, municipalisation of public utilities and high taxes for the rich. He was elected as mayor of Birmingham in 1876. The middle class of Birmingham ado red chamberlain. They all voted for what he fought for. He soon became Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstones lieutenant in the House of Commons and later in 1882 was appointed president of the Board of Trade in Gladstones second ministry. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 was an act of sevens that rehabilitated local government. It split the country into districts.Each district was responsible for running local services such as housing and education. They had commissioners to be in charge of each local council. The royal commission had eighteen members, two members for each district. A new law was made so middle class people were aloud to participate in the local council. They had annual elections each year, were a third of the council members up for election. They also elected aldermen to be part of the council with a six year term. Towns were divided into smaller areas were they had a local person to represent them on the local council.As previously highlighted in the earl y 19th century overcrowding, poverty, dirty environment and insanitary housing lead to disease. In 1843 Edwin Chadwick argued that poverty was caused by disease and that by curing diseases poverty would be reduced. Joseph Bazelgette who designed the sewage system, made sure that the flow of foul water and underground rivers was diverted along new sewers and taken the sewage interposition works and then pump into Tidal Thames where it would be carried out to sea rather than stay in the previous open sewer of the Thames.His design was so good it has stood up to increases in volume of raw sewage. In 1848 the cholera epiphytotic spurred the government into action through public health measures followed by health measures for individuals. Many people perspective cholera was air bourn but John Snow thought it entered the body through the mouth. He investigated a cholera outbreak in 1854 and carefully plotted all cases on a social function of Soho where the outbreak occurred. He manage d to identify a water pump as the source of the disease. When he upstage the handle the causes of cholera immediately declined.It took another six years before this theory was more wide accepted. John Snow also made development in anaesthetics and made them safer and more effective for use on humans. Public health measures included The public health of 1888 gave all towns the right to employ a public health officer. In 1853 public vaccinations against small pox were made compulsory. In 1854 influence by Florence Nightingale and other campaigners, hospital hygiene was improved and hospitals became much cleaner places, helping to prevent the spread of disease.The 1875 Public Health Act required the clearance off slums, the installation of sewers, clean water supplies and better environment to live in. This was very successful as public health improved and local councils competed to be the best public health provider. This lead to the individual health measures introduced in the ear ly 20th century e. g. free school meals in 1906, medical examinations for all children in 1907. Old age pensions introduced and in 1911 bailiwick Insurance (free medical treatment for workers. During the 19th century knowledge about the ways bodies work increased. William Beaumont (1822) examine the digestive system. Theodor Schwann (1858) realised that animal tissues were made of cells. Henry Gray (1858) wrote Grays anatomy and people started to have a broad knowledge of how their bodies worked. Louis Pasteur discussed that germs can cause disease rather thats the previous theory of spontaneous genesis where diseases cause germs. This also led to the pasteurisation of milk.Robert Kock studied bacteria further and identified bacteria precise to the diseases septicaemia, TB and cholera and others discovered the bacteria that caused typhoid pneumonia and the plague. Patrick Manson 1879 discovered that diseases could be spread by vectors such as flies. Charles Chamberlain (1884) di scovered viruses. Therefore understanding of disease was improving rapidly and there were some inventions that helped the treatment of disease also, e. g. multi lens microscope (Lister 1826) kymograph to measure pulse (1847 Ludwig) and x-rays (Roentgen 1895).At the beginning of the 19th century doctors would only provide comfort but by the end they could treat diseases and heal some patients with surgery. I believe the living conditions between 1840 and 1900 did improve. The government and local councils brought this about by clearing slums and areas of bad, dirty housing, supporting improvements in biology knowledge cleaning up sewers and improving local government, encouraging people to help themselves and no longer accepting poverty as something that can not be dealt with.