Animal and Insect Blood That Isnt Red

Creature and Insect Blood That Isn't Red One fun Halloween science venture is making palatable phony blood plans. One of these plans can be utilized to make blood in any shading you like. Why shaded blood? Blood comes in various hues, contingent upon species. While people and numerous different species have red blood, because of the iron in their hemoglobin, different creatures have distinctive hued blood. Creepy crawlies (just as horseshoe crabs and certain different arthropods) have nobility because of the nearness of copper-based hemocyanin in their blood. A few creatures, for example, the ocean cucumbers, even have yellow blood. What could make blood yellow? The yellow hue is because of a high grouping of the yellow vanadium-based color, vanabin. In contrast to hemoglobin and hemocyanin, vanabin doesn't appear to be engaged with oxygen transport. Notwithstanding vanabin, ocean cucumbers have enough hemocyanin in their blood to continue their oxygen needs. As a matter of fact, the job of vanabin stays somewhat of a riddle. Maybe it is a piece of a protection instrument to make the ocean cucumbers unappealing or poisonous to parasites and predators. Nonetheless, ocean cucumber is utilized for cooking in numerous societies, where it is valued for its elusive surface and conceivable medical advantages. Vanadium is a disputable dietary enhancement, conceivably influencing insulin affectability and athletic execution.

“I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” Essay Essay

In the collection of memoirs I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the principle character, Maya, and her more seasoned sibling, Bailey, have a cozy relationship toward the start of this novel. As youngsters, they were each other’s closest companions and they were indistinguishable. They did everything together and they even idea they had their own language that nobody else knew. Be that as it may, when they previously moved in with Mother Vivian, their relationship begins to self-destruct. â€Å"When spring came to St. Louis, I took out my first library card, and since Bailey and I appeared to be developing separated, I went through the vast majority of my days at the library†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Angelou 76). As both of them become more seasoned, their relationship develops increasingly removed as a result of their various sexual orientations and the various exercises every one of them appreciated doing. In the life account I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the principle character, Maya , and her dad have an irritated relationship. At whatever point Maya sees her dad, she considers him to a greater extent an outsider. Towards the finish of the book, Maya’s father welcomes Maya to come visit him for the mid year. At the point when she arrives, she is stunned to see that her dad lives in a trailer with his sweetheart who is generally Maya’s age. Maya’s father welcomes Maya to come to Mexico with him to go get food supplies. Maya consents to go, and her dad winds up leaving her in a pitiful bar without anyone else to escape with his other young lady. This equitable demonstrates he is an unfit parent. â€Å"How might he be able to leave in that graceless block and go off with his lady? Did he care what befell me? Not a damn, I chose, and opened the conduits for hysteria† (Angelou 236). Maya understands that her dad doesn’t give two shoes about her and has no enthusiasm for attempting to be a dad to her. In the life account, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the primary character, Maya, is moved here and there and consistently has the sentiment of removal, or not having a place. I can identify with Maya’s sentiments of uprooting. For an amazing duration, I also have moved to a wide range of spots and schools. I was accustomed to being the new child and having no companions. I used to be reluctant to try and make companions since I realized that I wouldn’t be in that school for a lot of longer after I did. In the wake of going to five distinct schools and living in seven unique houses, I’ve felt the sentiment of uprooting ordinarily and like Maya, had my issues with attempting to associate with individuals. While perusing this novel, I knew how Maya felt every one of those time she didn’t feel like she had a place and all the occasions she moved. Those parts are what go to me the most on the grounds that I know how it feels to abandon theâ people you love.

Reward schemes tend to be the most effective way of promoting and Essay

Prize plans will in general be the best method of advancing and accomplishing the points of Ecotourism, Discuss - Essay Example Subsequently, it is basic to concur on the most reasonable ecotourism methodologies and approaches. Ecotourism includes visiting unblemished, delicate and regular regions that are not twisted by people. Ecotourism is little scope and has low natural effects contrasted with standard business the travel industry. It likewise includes capable going to normal destinations with a point of saving the environmental factors and improving the government assistance of the nearby individuals dwelling in such zones. The principle motivations behind ecotourism in to chip in, learn and self-awareness of the members (United Nations Environmental Program 2011, p. 1). Also, it limits the negative ecological effects that standard the travel industry causes. It likewise advances the social uprightness of the neighborhood individuals. The members in the ecotourism business take an interest in reusing, monitoring water, sparing vitality other than making monetary open doors for the nearby individuals (Ko tas 2009, p. 53). Ecotourism existed due to the predominant issues in the travel industry. The enthusiasm for ecotourism is the need to monitor natural life confronting termination. There have been expanded instances of intrusion of regular living spaces for rural purposes, angling, logging and chasing. Albeit numerous nations have authoritatively held regions for preservation, they need enough assets for securing and overseeing them. Subsequently, a few damaging exercises are going on in these zones. Thusly, ecotourism is keen on reestablishing the qualities and the hereditary stores of imperative natural assets (Buhalis 2002, p. 1). Prize plan A prize plan is a course of action that an association gives to customers and different partners in its industry planned for urging them to acknowledge and participate in exercises that improves their government assistance and network individuals. The focal point of any prize plan is to organize activities for client care, start corporate so cial duty and fortify correspondence procedures. Standards of remuneration conspires A prize plan is difficult to structure and run as a result of the numerous difficulties that portray its execution. The difficulties remember the trouble for getting voyagers to join and join the plan. It is likewise difficult to change the conduct of voyagers towards this plan since they center around joy. In any case, it is essential that an association follow a few standards to guarantee the making of an exhaustive prize plan. Associations reward their customers distinctively dependent on the idea of customers and the association (Barbera and Dutta, 2008, p. 59). The underlying standard is to guarantee that the prizes money is pertinent to the association. An association must guarantee that the prizes are straightforwardly connected to items and administrations. The point of view of the vacationers must be the key main impetus in such a circumstance. The subsequent standard is to impart the consu me rather than the earned. One of the targets of a prize plan is to guarantee that voyagers procure focuses as they buy the items and appreciate the administrations of their host association. These focuses are traded with remunerations. Most voyagers are not generally mindful of the specific value the focuses earned. They are just worried about the advantages from the focuses. This implies correspondence assumes a basic job while recognizing and engaging the visitors (Fennel2007, p. 93). An association can accomplish

Biography of Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary

Memoir of Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos (February 6, 1932â€October 28, 1969) was a main figure of the Cuban Revolution, alongside Fidel Castro and Chã © Guevara. He vanquished Batista powers at the Battle of Yaguajay in December 1958, and after the triumph of the Revolution in mid 1959 he took on a place of expert in the Army. Cienfuegos is viewed as one of the best saints of the Revolution and consistently Cuba commends the commemoration of his passing. Quick Facts: Camilo Cienfuegos Known For: Cienfuegos was a key guerilla pioneer in the Cuban Revolution.Also Known As: Camilo Cienfuegos GorriarnBorn: February 6, 1932 in Havana, CubaDied: October 28, 1959 (Presumed dead after his plane vanished over the Straits of Florida)Education: Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes San AlejandroNotable Quote: Vas bien, Fidel (Youre doing fine, Fidel) (Uttered during a progressive convention in 1959 after Fidel Castro asked Cienfuegos how his discourse was going) Early Life Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarn was conceived in Havana, Cuba, on February 6, 1932. As a youngster, he was creatively disposed; he even went to craftsmanship school yet had to drop out when he could no longer bear the cost of it. Cienfuegos went to the United States for a period in the mid 1950s looking for work yet returned baffled. As an adolescent, he got associated with fights of government arrangements, and as the circumstance in Cuba intensified, he turned out to be increasingly more engaged with the battle against president Fulgencio Batista. In 1955, he was shot in the leg by Batistas officers. As indicated by Cienfuegos, that was the second at which he concluded he would endeavor to liberate Cuba from the Batista tyranny. Upheaval Cienfuegos moved to Mexico, where he got together with Fidel Castro, who was assembling an undertaking to go to Cuba and start a transformation. Camilo anxiously signed up and was one of 82 dissidents pressed into the 12-traveler yacht Granma, which left Mexico on November 25, 1956, and showed up in Cuba seven days after the fact. The Cuban Army found the revolutionaries and executed the majority of them, yet a little gathering of survivors had the option to cover up and later refocus. The 19 revolutionaries went through a little while in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Comandante Camilo As one of the overcomers of the Granma gathering, Cienfuegos had a specific esteem with Fidel Castro that the other people who joined the unrest later didn't. By the center of 1957, he had been elevated to comandante and had his own order. In 1958, the tide started to change for the revolutionaries, and Cienfuegos was requested to lead one of three segments to assault the city of Santa Clara (another was instructed by Chã © Guevara). One crew was trapped and cleared out, yet Guevara and Cienfuegos at last joined on Santa Clara. The Battle of Yaguajay Cienfuegoss power, joined by nearby ranchers and laborers, arrived at the little armed force battalion at Yaguajay in December 1958 and assaulted it. There were around 250 officers inside under the order of Cuban-Chinese chief Abon Ly. Cienfuegos assaulted the battalion yet was over and over driven back. He even taken a stab at assembling an improvised tank out of a tractor and some iron plates, yet the arrangement was not effective. In the end, the battalion came up short on food and ammo and gave up on December 30. The following day, the progressives caught Santa Clara. (Today, an exhibition hall in Cienfuegos respect the Museo Nacional Camilo Cienfuegos-remains in Yaguajay.) After the Revolution The loss of Santa Clara and different urban areas persuaded Batista to escape the nation, wrapping the upset up. The attractive, amicable Cienfuegos was extremely mainstream, and upon the accomplishment of the transformation was presumably the third most influential man in Cuba, after Fidel and Raã ºl Castro. He was elevated to leader of the Cuban military in mid 1959. In this limit, he helped the new Castro system as it made changes to the Cuban government. Capture of Matos and Disappearance In October 1959, Fidel Castro started to speculate that Huber Matos, another of the first progressives, was plotting against him. He sent Cienfuegos to capture Matos, as the two were old buddies. As indicated by later meetings with Matos, Cienfuegos was hesitant to do the capture, yet followed his requests and did as such. Matos was condemned and served 20 years in jail. The evening of October 28, Cienfuegos flew once more from Camaguey to Havana in the wake of finishing the capture. His plane vanished and no hint of Cienfuegos or the plane was ever found. Following a couple of wild long periods of looking, the chase was canceled. Demise Cienfuegos’s vanishing and assumed demise have made many miracle if Fidel or Raã ºl Castro had him slaughtered. There is some convincing proof on the two sides, and history specialists have not yet arrived at a resolution. Given the conditions of the case, it is conceivable that reality will never be known. The argument against: Cienfuegos was exceptionally faithful to Fidel, in any event, capturing his old buddy Huber Matos when the proof against him was powerless. He had never given the Castro siblings any reason to question his faithfulness or fitness. He had taken a chance with his life ordinarily for the Revolution. Chã © Guevara, who was so near Cienfuegos that he named his child after him, denied that the Castro siblings had anything to do with Cienfuegoss passing. The case for: Cienfuegos was the main progressive figure whose fame equaled Fidel’s, and as such was one of a not many individuals who could conflict with him in the event that he wished. Cienfuegos’s devotion to socialism was suspect-for him, the Revolution was tied in with expelling Batista. Likewise, he had as of late been supplanted as leader of the Cuban Army by Raã ºl Castro, a sign that maybe they were intending to proceed onward him. Heritage It will most likely never be known without a doubt what happened to Cienfuegos. Today, the contender is viewed as one of the extraordinary saints of the Cuban Revolution. He has his own landmark at the site of the Yaguajay combat zone, and consistently on October 28 Cuban schoolchildren toss blossoms into the sea for him. Cienfuegos likewise shows up on Cuban money. Sources Earthy colored, Jonathan C. Cubas Revolutionary World. Harvard University Press, 2017.Kapcia, Antoni. Initiative in the Cuban Revolution: the Unseen Story. Fernwood Publishing, 2014.Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Harvard University Press, 2004.

Latin Derivatives essays

Latin Derivatives articles Jargon/Derivatives/Grammar/Spelling # The Word Date Occasion/Circumstance How Latin Helped 1. Incognito 9/10 I was perusing Catcher in the Rye It originates from incognitus meaning not know. The character doesnt need to see anybody he knows, so he ventures in secret. 2. Pulchritudinous 9/12 I was reading for the SAT I. I saw this in the relationship section. I realized that it originates from the Latin word pulcher meaning lovely. 3. Versatility 9/25 I was tuning in to the radio and there was a Dodge business on and they said Versatility from the Latin Versatilis importance turning easily. I realized that the word was identified with verto. 4. Ubiquitous 9/26 I saw it on PSATs. I knew ubi from Latin so I realized it needed to take care of a spot. I found it and discovered that it implies present wherever on the double. 5. Latus Rectum 10/1 In Pre-Calculus, our instructor was inspecting parabolas and we she began discussing the latus rectum. I looked into another definition for latus on the grounds that the definition I was considering didn't fit. I deciphered it as straight side. 6. Gubernatorial 10/2 I saw this in the newspaper. I saw gubernator in an interpretation, and I recollect it having to do with controlling a boats heading. Since I saw it discussing a competitor running for representative, I made an interpretation of it as having to do with driving individuals. 7. Impede 10/2 I saw it in our Vocabulary Energizers in English class. I definitely knew the Latin word it originated from impedio importance frustrate. 8 Expedite 10/4 I saw it in our Vocabulary Energizers in English class. I realized that I originated from two words: e importance out and ped significance foot. 9. Tenet 10/5 In a game show, there was an inquiry that had a couple of words, and solicited which from the words was the definit... <!

Presidential commission ability to present ideas to enable the US to Essay

Presidential commission capacity to introduce thoughts to empower the US to successfully take up arms - Essay Example The other generally unmistakable of these wars is the World War II that occurred 1939-1945. In this war, what empowered US rise the champs in their own particular manner was the air prevalence they had. US utilized plane carrying warships to bomb places including Hiroshima and Nagasaki yet this made them had an upper bit of leeway over their foes whose airplane quality was exposed negligible contrasted and that of US. Regardless of the debate encompassing the Vietnam War (1955-1975), what made the war last that more extended and later on helped the Vietnamese look for their autonomy after the annihilation was the way that the US military acquired a ton of its officers to battle the war. The expansion in military quality with a great many US officers battling made the war last a couple of a bigger number of years than it would have (Fredriksen, 154). Finally, US military’s solidarity to win wars radiates from the cash it places in the military tasks. This is valid in the war against psychological warfare and particularly that prompted Osama to be caught. This war began in the 2001 lastly died down with the demise of the Al Qaeda pioneer and driving force Osama. Trillions of dollars were utilized to support this military exercise lastly this whole duty payer’s cash yielded results. There are a few things the past military wars by the US has trained the country and this can be utilized for future purposes so as to maintain a strategic distance from the huge misfortunes that are generally caused during wars including demise of troopers, loss of fight ships, spending a great deal of cash on impasses and examinations among others. One of these things is the capitalization of US military on the quality of their fighters. This hence implies their fighters are their greatest resources with regards to war and along these lines ought to consistently be caused to feel that. This is conceivable through persuading them and valuing their exertion and difficult work.

How To Write A Expository Essay Outline, Topics, Examples and Step-By-Step Guide

How To Write A Expository Essay: Outline, Topics, Examples and Step-By-Step Guide Chances are you have already had an assignment which required a report on a given subject. That means you were writing an expository essay, a common type of writing style that many professors and teachers assign to their students. How to improve writing skills and get a better grade next time? This guide will help you out. Definition An expository essay is a writing style wherein an author exposes or informs readers about a series of events, idea, book, historical event, or some other subject. The main purpose of this essay is to explain a topic in a precise, straightforward, and logical manner. The expository essay requires a great deal of research in order to provide a deep insight into the topic. Unlike some other types of an essay, a writer doesn’t need to take sides and develop an argument. Writing style should be in the third person and unbiased. Benefits of writing an expository essay Every school assignment has its own unique purpose and an expository essay is not the exception. No, the purpose of this essay isn’t a lecturer’s desire to have you glued to the subject they teach, but to help you develop and improve some valuable skills. Below, you can see the most important benefits or skills you can gain with expository essays: Research – expository essay is all about research. The more you do it, the better your skills are. You’ll need research skills throughout your life. Expository essay teaches you how and where to look things up for maximum results Critical thinking – while the expository essay involves an unbiased approach to the subject, you still need your critical thinking skills in order to approach the subject from different angles Reporting – the expository essay is like a huge report, but it is still necessary to be concise and present facts in a coherent and easy-to-follow manner. As your skills improve, you’ll be more efficient in the way you express yourself in other aspects of your life Organizational skills – this type of paper revolves around the facts on a given subject, but they need to be represented in an organized manner. You can’t write them randomly because the essay would be cluttered and difficult to follow. Therefore, you need to organize your paper. Since practice makes perfect, you’ll notice soon that your organizational skills developed significantly Areas of interest Like many other essay types, the expository essay is versatile. You can write about anything you’d like, including: Education Family Health History Law Literature Movies Music Personal relationships Politics Religion Science Social media Taboo Wars Expository essay outline The outline is like a blueprint; its function is to act as a guide that you can use to build a house, or in this case an essay. Without the outline the risk of straying off the subject increases. It’s needless to mention you get confused due to a multitude of ideas that you don’t know where to place. Let’s take a look at the outline you should follow when writing an expository essay: Introduction – your opportunity to make a positive first impression. It should consist of the: Hook – the first sentence of the essay; it can include quote, statistics, anecdote, or anything else you find catchy Background info and context – a brief info about the topic itself Thesis statement – specifies the exact topic you’re going to write about, things you will analyze Body paragraphs the central part of the essay. The number of paragraphs isn’t specified, you can write as many as you need to thoroughly analyze the subject. In most cases, 3-5 paragraphs are enough. They should be written in the following manner: Topic 1 – fact 1 + evidence, fact 2 + evidence etc. – basically, each paragraph starts with a topic sentence that announces what aspect of the subject you’re going to discuss. Within the paragraph, you mention the facts you discovered while researching supported by evidence Topic 2 – fact 1 + evidence, fact 2 + evidence etc. Topic 3 – fact 1 + evidence, fact 2 + evidence etc. Conclusion – summary of the thesis, facts, and evidence. It also discusses the importance of the subject, raises more questions that make a reader think, and finishes with call-to-action Writing tips An expository essay is similar to working as an investigative journalist on some super important assignment. Your job is to investigate a topic thoroughly and report facts, regardless of your own opinion about them. In order to write a top-quality expository essay, follow these tips: Research topic thoroughly and try to learn more even though you may already be familiar with it Use evidence to support every claim or fact you include Use only reputable sources for evidence e.g. studies, official figures and announcements, journals, and other similar sources Avoid fabricating information just because you want to emphasize something Avoid showing how you feel about the topic Organize facts in a manner that will be easier to follow e.g. chronologically, based on priority etc. Use concise and clear language Prioritize quality over quantity; it’s not about how many facts you introduce, but how strong they are If the essay describes a process or activity, second person writing can be used too Vary sentence length throughout the paper to add more rhythm Avoid vague expressions, be precise

Writing a Dissertation Proposal

Writing a Dissertation ProposalWriting a thesis is not a very easy thing to do, and also not a common thing to do. But if you want to be an academic, you have to know what to do so that it is not hard for you to do it.The first thing to do is to decide how the material of your thesis can be organized. This will help you in writing a thesis proposal. In other words, a thesis is the set of documents that contain all the information about your research.The first step in preparing your thesis proposal is to gather the required materials. In other words, all the files needed. In your research you should have three folders, each containing one document. They are called thesis, application, and proposal.Once you have done this, you have to prepare your thesis proposal. A thesis proposal is the part of the process where you are proposing to send your thesis to the college or university of your choice. The first paragraph of your thesis proposal should contain the summary of your research, th e details of your thesis, and the other chapters that you are writing.So, in your own self, this is the very first step that you have to follow when you want to write a's thesis proposal. In other words, what you will do in your own self is to organize the material that you are going to give.The next step to take in writing a thesis proposal is the completion of the research. This step will be very important as it will show the faculty member's the end result of your research. In other words, this will show the faculty members what you are planning to do and what you have learned from it.After this step, the remaining steps should only be taken by you or your advisor or the other faculty members that you are going to meet. Your mentor or faculty will tell you how you are going to organize and format your material for submission. When you write the thesis, make sure that the guidelines that you have listed to do in advance are followed.

Buildings Resources

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7686 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Background and Justification of project Buildings are climate modifiers which provide indoor environments. These are essential to the well being and the social and economic developments of mankind. However, they are also intensive resources consumers and hence, they require enormous amount of materials and energy in their construction and maintenance. During the construction period and while they are demolished at the end of their life, buildings generate huge amount of solid wastes and various types of emissions, such as particulates, noise and various kinds of liquid effluents. According to Hall (2003 ) and Anink (1996) the building industry accounts for around one-tenth of the worlds GDP, at least 7% of its jobs, half of all resources used and up to 40% of energy used and green house gas emission. Hill and Bowen (1997) discussed how the applications of modern technology, together with the increasing population, are leading to the rapid depletion of the earths physical resources. Hall (2003) also estimated that by 2025, the world population would reach 8 billion and 98% of the increase in the population would be in developing countries. With time, the construction industry is expanding and the rate of resource depletion is not sustainable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Buildings Resources | Constuction Dissertations" essay for you Create order As it can be imagined, construction materials and products are essential to life with respect to both buildings and infrastructure. Humans spend around 80% of their time (on average) in some type of building or on roads. Construction products play a major role in improving the energy efficiency of buildings and also contribute to economic prosperity (Edwards, 2003). On the other hand, construction products also produce a considerable impact on the environment. The Worldwatch Institute estimates that 40% of the worlds materials and energy is used in buildings. However, according to Anink (1996), the construction sector is responsible for 50% of the material resources taken from nature and 50% of total waste generated. Also, Rodman and Lenssen (1993) pointed that buildings account for one-sixth of the worlds freshwater withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows. The impact of construction products relative to the overall lifetime impa ct of a building is currently 10-20%. For infrastructure this value is significantly higher, greater than 80% in some cases. In Mauritius, nearly all the main resources in a building are imported, e.g. steel and cement. An average of 600 000 tonnes of cement are imported annually in Mauritius. As our country is currently going through a boom in the construction sector, the figures are expected to increase. The price of crude oil has more thandoubled on the world market during the past years. This has had a direct impact on nearly all the construction materials which are imported and produced locally. While choosing for construction materials, many do not think about the impacts that the material have on the environment. The environmental impacts of building materials are increasing day by day. Therefore, environmental impacts have become an increasingly important consideration in selecting building materials for the construction. Consequently, life cycle assessment has become an important tool in analysing natural resources and emissions generated in manufacturing processes. Winistorfer and Zhangjing (2004) said that life cycle assessment refers to the analysis of the environmental impact of a product through every step of its life. It includes environment impacts while the product is manufactured, used and disposed. The objective of a life cycle analysis is to quantify environmental influences of a product through input and output analysis. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project was to calculate all the resource energy and associated greenhouse gas emissions linked to construction of a typical residential house in Mauritius. Simapro Life Cycle Analysis software was used to calculate all the resource energy and greenhouse gas emission from the building. The objectives were to: quantify all the resources required for the construction of the typical residential house estimate the weight of the building minimise the use of resources in building thereby reducing the greenhouse gas emission and ensuring a cleaner production. To satisfy the aim and objectives of the project, a virtual house was selected to carry out the analysis. The house used was obtained from the central statistics office. It represents the most common type of building in Mauritius. The size of the house is 128m2. All the quantities of materials used for the construction of the building were calculated. Using Simapro life cycle assessment software, the energy requirement and CO2 emission of each material was obtained. Also, the weight of the house was calculated using the unit weight of reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Structure of Report A literature search was done and the findings were included in chapter 2. The latter describes how the building consumes all the different resources, energy requirements and the environmental impacts of building. Also, the benefits of sustainable building and of recycling waste, in order to recover the energy, were discussed. A detailed methodology, which was adopted to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, was described in chapter 3. The key results and discussions were presented in chapter 4. Finally, conclusions, recommendations and further works were dealt with in chapter 5. Literature Review Building: direct consumption of resources There is growing concern that human activity is affecting the global and local ecosystem severely enough to potentially cause permanent changes to some ecosystemsand potentially cause them to crash. Boyle (2005) suggested that there must be a reduction factor of 20 to 50 in resource consumption and efficiency in order to achieve technologies which are sustainable. Sustainable technologies will be particularly significant to the construction industry which is a major consumer of resources. The pie chart below gives a repartition of all the primary materials resources used in the construction industry in 1998. Figure 2.1 Repartition of primary resources in the construction industry (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Review, 2006) Despite the fact that every house makes use of different quantity of resources, according to US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network, a standard wood-frame house uses 4047 m2 (one acre) of forest and produces 3-7 tonne of waste during construction. Lippiatt (1999) stated that building consumes 40% of the gravel, sand and stone, 25% of the timber, 40% of the energy and 16% of the water used globally per year. Boyle (2005) estimated that in UK itself, about 6 tonnes of building materials were used annually for every member of the population. Much of the waste and consumption of resources occurred during the extraction and processing of the raw materials. For example, mining requires water and energy, consumes land and produces significant quantities of acidic contaminated gas, liquid and solid wastes (Boyle, 2005). A second example which can be used is that of timber. The cultivation of trees requires significant space for cultivation and amount of fertilizers. Moreover, the harvesting and processing phases of timber make use of considerable amounts of energy. Trees are also grown in plantations which require old-growth forest and significantly reduce biodiversity. Energy is also used extensively in the transportation of raw materials. Fossils fuels are used for the transportation, extraction and harvesting of the material, thereby releasing greenhouse gases and a range of air pollutants. Processing of metals and mineral often results in major gas emissions. The concrete industry is a major producer of carbon dioxide whereas on the other hand, aluminium smelting produces perfluorocarbons (Boyle, 2005). These two are very powerful greenhouse gases. According to the Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review (2006), emissions to the air by the construction industry in 1998 were just over 30 million tonnes in total, of which over 97% was carbon dioxide. Of the 30 million tonnes of emissions, over 70% came from mineral extraction and product manufacture. The table below shows the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK. Table 2.1 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated by the construction industry in UK (Source: Construction Resource Efficiency Information Review, 2006) Emission generated by: Tonnage (Kt ) Mineral extraction, product and material manufacture 19,817 Transport of product and material 2,543 Transport of secondary and recycled product 675 Construction and demolition site activity 3,764 Transport related to construction and demolition site activity 1,291 Transport of waste from product and material manufacture 20 Transport of construction and demolition waste 219 Total CO2 equivalent emissions to the atmosphere 28,327 As it can be seen, from Table 2.1, a total of 28 327 Ktonnes of CO2equivalent emissions were generated by the construction industry in UK and much of these emissions occurred during the mineral extraction and product and material manufacture. Over the lifespan of a building, the material will have to be maintained and stored in good condition whereas, in some cases, replaced. Every five to fifteen years, exterior coatings, guttering, piping, walls, and flooring will require repair or replacement. By effective maintenance, requirements for replacement are reduced by a significant amount. The decisions here are not taken by the builder or designer regardless of the original design. Concerningthe material used for the repair and the maintenance of the building, it is the owner who takes the decision. During the lifespan of a building, the overall investment of resources into the building needs to be considered (Boyle, 2005).Buildings can be constructed and designed in such a way that they can last for more than hundred years. Additionally, many traditional buildings are designed in such a way that they can last beyond 200 years (Morel, 2001). However, many designers are now planning buildings for a lifespan of only 50 years or even less despite using durable materials requiring minimal maintenance. Such materials reduce the requirement for repairs or replacement. Hence, simply designing and maintaining a building for 400 yearsrather than 50 can potentially reduce its environmental effect from material resources by up to a factor of 4 (Boyle, 2005). Energy requirements of a building Cole and Carnan (1996) found that the energy that is consumed during the life cycle of a residential building includes energy used in producing building materials and constructing the structure. Also, energy is used in occupying and maintaining the building, and in demolishing or deconstructing the structure at the end of its serviceable life. According to Cole and Carnan (1996), the energy consumed in building can be classified in three categories: 1) energy to initially produce the building; 2) energy to operate the building, and; 3) energy to demolish and dispose of the building at the end of its effective life. During the extraction, processing and transportation of material as well as during the construction as mentioned earlier large amount of energy is consumed. Morel et al. (2001) found that costs could be reduced by more than a factor of 6 during construction by the use of energy of local materials. The local materials studied by Morel et al. (2001) included rammed earth, stone, timber which were compared to the use of imported concrete. Consequently, Morel et al found that the imported concrete required significant energy for processing. Treloar et al. (2001) found that, by using a concrete binder, rammed earth had an energy load equivalent to that of a brick veneer construction due to the energyrequired in processing the cement. Boyle (2005) stated that energy is the major resource consumed in buildings and 90% of the energy consumption is over the operational lifespan of the building. Therefore, significant decrease in energy consumption assists in reducing the resource consumption and improving efficiency. Although a house can be designed to a totally self-sufficient condition for energy and water, much depends on the location, that is, the climate, the availability and potability oflocal water sources as well as the attitude of the user. The designer or builder can incorporate some energy saving devices and design such a water heater, passive heating, and composting toilets, which are suitable for local conditions. Furthermore, such devices and designs will only be incorporated if a significant profit can be generated. Many developers resist including energy- saving measures unless they are required by local councils or are considered essentially by buyers in the local community. Cole and Kernan (1996) fo und that the energy used to heat, cool, provide artificial lighting, and power typically used appliances in buildings accounts for more than 30% of Canadas national energy use. Approximately two-thirds of this consumption is attributed to residential buildings and the remainder to commercial buildings. The US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network estimated that, the annual average energy consumption for one story concrete building, the annual average energy consumption is 63GJ. However, Zydeveld (1998) pointed out that up to 80% savings in heating water and improving the indoor air quality and thermal comfort could be made in the Netherlands with the inclusion of passive solar design with an additional 10% cost in construction. Therefore, savings of 90% could be achieved. Four major design principles enabled architects and builders to incorporate passive solar designinto their buildings: solarorientation; maximizing the solar gain through low surface loss and high internal volume; high mass within the insulation and avoiding of shading. The rise in use of material in the low energy building can, however, mean that there is an increased consumption of material and energy overall. Thormark (2002) discovered that up to 45% of the total energy used is in the embodied energy in a low-energy building and that such a building could have a greater total energy use than that of a building with a higher operating energy consumption. Besides, he also said that 37-42% of the embodiedenergy could be recoveredby recycling of materials. Embodied Energy According to an unknown author (2007), Embodied Energy is the amount of energy that has gone into the making of a material or things made with materials. A very high percentage of the worlds energy is derived from fossil fuels which, when burnt, release vast amounts of CO2. As the production of energy from fossil fuels is environmentally unfriendly, materials and things that have a lower embodied energy are more sustainable than those with a higher embodied energy. On average, 0.098 tonnes of CO2 are produced per gigajoule of embodied energy (Sustainable built environment 2007). Source: Sustainable Technologies (1996) Figure 2.2: Embodied Energy of the different building materials The embodied energy per unit mass of materials used in a building varies enormously from about two gigajoules per tonne for concrete, to hundreds of gigajoules per tonne for aluminium.(Figure 2.2). The reuse of materials commonly saves about 95% of embodied energy which could otherwise be wasted (Sustainable Built Environment 2007). According to Fichtner Report (1999), in Mauritius, steel is the only waste material generated from the construction industry which is recycled, implying that most of the embodied energy of the materials is wasted. Resource Efficiency in a building According to the report Construction Resource Efficiency Review (2006), resource efficiency is about the sustainable use of resources. Indeed, there should be effective use and management of all the resources available to the industry while at the same time optimising output and profit. There is much emphasis on the use of all the physical resources (water, energy, etc) and materials used in the production and operation cycle. As minimum resource is used in the manufacture of the product, profits can be made by increasing productivity. Resource efficiency can also be achieved by reducing the wastes. As far as the construction industry is concerned, there is a need to focus on sustainable consumption of resources. Buildings can be built with fewer resources while looking at the same time at the impacts of the building on the environment. Sustainable Buildings Buildings have a tremendous impact on our environmental quality, resource use, human health and productivity. According to Nicholas S. (2003), sustainable building meets current building needs and reduces impacts on future generations by integrating building materials and methods that promote environmental quality, economic vitality, and social benefit through the design, construction and operation of our built environment. Sustainable building, also referred as green building, involves the consideration of many issues, including land use, site impacts, indoor environment, energy and water use, lifecycle impacts of building materials, and solid waste. Benefits of Sustainable Building There are a number of environmental, social, and economic benefits which we can enjoy from a sustainable building. Miriam L. (1999) gives some benefits of sustainable building to the environment, which are as follows: air and water quality protection soil protection and flood prevention solid waste reduction energy and water conservation climate stabilization ozone layer protection natural resource conservation open space, habitat, and species/biodiversity protection Also, sustainable building can have other benefits for designers, contractors, occupants, construction workers, developers, and owners. These benefits include: Improved health, comfort, and productivity/performance As mentioned earlier, people spend 80 % of their life in some buildings. It is reported that 30 % of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may be linked to symptoms of sick building syndrome (WHO 1984). Particular Symptoms are:- Headache Eye, nose or throat irritation Dry cough Dizziness Fatigue Sensitivity to odors Sick building syndrome (SBS) is normally caused by fungi and bacteria that build up because of inadequate fresh air ventilation in structures. Therefore, improving the indoor environment of the building can reduce the effect of SBS. Lower construction costs The cost of the building can be lowered by reducing the use of material and saving on disposal costs because of recycling. For example, recycled aggregate can be used as filler material. Lower operating costs As discussed earlier in chapter 2.10, the use of energy can be reduced in a building by designing the building such that it gets maximum sunlight, and in so doing, cutting down expenses concerning electricity. This has a great impact for people with low income, who spend much of their salary in paying utility bills. Life Cycle Assessment .Life Cycle Assessment is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment; to assess the impact of those energy and materials used and releases to the environment; and to identify and evaluate opportunities to affect environmental improvements. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process or activity, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal. Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice, SETAC, Brussels (1990). There are four main components of LCA, which are as follows: Goal definition and scoping: Identify the LCAs purpose and the expected products of the study. Also, he needs to determine the boundaries and assumptions based upon the goal definition Life-cycle inventory: Quantify the raw material and energy inputs during each stage of production. Moreover, environmental releases are also taken into account. Impact analysis: Assess the impacts on human health and the environment associated with energy, raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified by the inventory. -Improvement analysis: Evaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle. For this project, only the environmental impacts (carbon dioxide emission) and energy used from the manufacture of all the materials utilised in the construction of a typical residential house were considered. Construction Waste The construction energy generates an enormous amount of waste. Rogoff and Williams (1994) pointed out that in the USA, wastes from the construction industry contributed to approximately 20 %, in Australia 30% and in UK more than 50 % of the overall landfill volumes in each country. The Building Research Establishment (1982) has defined waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building projects. Serpell and Alarcon (1998) defined construction waste as any material by product that does not have any residual value. But this is not true for the construction and demolition waste as much as the waste can be reduced or recycled. By reducing the level of waste in the construction industry, it benefits the environment and lowers the cost of the project. Bossink and Brouwers (1996) estimated that about 1-10% by weight of the purchase construction material leaves the site of residential projects as waste. However Guthrie et al. (1998) found that at least 10 % of all the raw materials which are delivered on most construction sites are wasted through damage, loss and over-ordering. A study carried by Dabycharun (2004), pointed out that a residential house in Mauritius generates about 0.2-0.5 tonne/m2 of waste. He carried out questionnaire interview in order to get this figure. However, the Fichtner report (1999) states that during the construction of an average private house of 140 m2, 8-10 tonne of mixed waste are generated. Skoyles and Skoyles (1987) identified two main kinds of building construction waste and finishing waste. Structure waste consists of fragments, reinforcement bars, abandoned timer plate and pieces which are generated during the finishing stage of a building. For example it comprises of surplus cement motar arising from screeding scatters over the floors inside the building. There are two distinct procedures in minimising the amount of in landfill sites through the construction process. The first one is to reduce the amount of waste generated through source reduction techniques both on site and during the design and procurement phases of a building project. The second procedure is to improve the management of the unavoidable waste generated on site. In managing the unavoidable waste, there are three options in order of preference. They are as follows: Reuse Recycling Disposal The balance between the three will depend upon the nature of the materials wasted, legislative requirements for the specific materials and the cost effectiveness of each option. The cost will in turn depend upon the availability of reusing and recycling options and the opportunities for reuse on a specific project. Recycled materials, while requiring transportation and reprocessing, consume significantly fewer resources compared to the extraction and processing of raw materials. This is particularly true for metal such as iron, copper and aluminium. These metals can be reproduced to a quality equal to that of raw material processing. Both concrete and timber can be recycled or reused but with the defect that the quality of the final product is often diminished. By crushing concrete, we canreuse it as an aggregate for some purposes, particularly like paving (Boyle, 2005). But, it was found by Millard and al. (2004) that from the recycled aggregate found in the construction and demolition waste, concrete blocks can be manufactured. Also, coarse recycled aggregates can be used in new concrete (Limbachia, 2004). Good grade timber can be used in the making of furniture. It is strongly stated not to use supporting timber since it is difficult to determine whether a used timber beam has stress cracks or other weak points. In other countries, plastics can be recycled into a number of construction products, including tiles, lumber, heating and wire insulation and carpet. According to Huang and Hsu (2003), each year in Taiwan over 10106 tonnes of construction material are extracted for their usage and more than 40106 tonnes of construction waste are disposed without recycling. Significant amounts of asphalt were present in the waste. However, if it was recycled, this would have decreased the amount of asphalt which was imported. Thormark(2002) pointed out that recycled concrete, clay brick and lightweight concrete can meet the total need for gravel in new houses and in renovation. Materials and Methods The next part of the dissertation was the methodology. In this section, an analysis was carried out on the different resources used for the construction of a single-storey house and the CO2 emission from each of the different resources. Therefore, a house had to be selected to carry out the analysis Selection of a typical house The house model used for the analysis was basically a virtual detached house which occupied a space of 128.30 squares metres floor area. The floor area was measured at plinth level to the external face of the external wall. The plan of the typical house model was obtained from the Central Statistics Office which was originally provided by the Mauritius Housing Company Limited. The house represented the most common type of residential house in Mauritius. The plan of the house is found in appendix A. The building constitutes of two bedrooms, a living-dining room, a kitchen, a toilet, a bathroom, a verandah and an attached garage. It was assumed to be built up of concrete block walls, reinforced concrete flat roof, internal flush plywood doors, glazed metal openings, screened floor and roof, tiling to floor and walls of W.C, and bathroom and kitchen worktop; the ceiling and walls were rendered and painted both internally and externally. It should also be noted that in the event the single-storey building would need to be converted into a two-storey house, an additional provision of more substantial foundation and of stub columns of the roof has already been made. Calculation of different resources Various materials and other resources were needed during the construction of the house. These can be broken down in different input categories. The input categories (different components) for the construction comprised of labour, hire of plant, materials and transport. The materials were further broken down into hardcore fillings (remplissage), cement, sand, timber for carpentry and joinery, metal openings, ceramic tiles, glass and putty, plumbing, sanitary installation, electrical installation and other miscellaneous expenses. The weightage of the components, shown in table 3.0, was calculated by a private firm of Quantity Surveyors for the Central Statistics Offices use. The firm had identified nineteen stages through which the construction of the house had gone through. The cost for each stage was calculated. Detailed cost of each inputs in terms of plant, labour, materials and transport that go into the construction of typical residential house were calculated. According to the Statician, Jagai D. (pers. Comm., 19 November 2007), the construction of the single storey building, in the year 2001, was estimated by the quantity surveyor to be Rs 550,000. the weight was calculated so that each input category represented a fraction of the price for the residential building. Table 3.0 Weightage of different Input categories (Source: construction price index,2007) Input categories Weight / % Labour Skilled workers Unskilled workers 16.8 17.7 Plant Mixer Breaker Metal plaques 0.7 0.9 1.4 Materials Hardcore Cement Rocksand Aggregate Block Steel bars Galvanised corrugated iron sheeting Timber carpentry joinery Metal openings metal sections metal fittings garage door Ceramics tiles Glass Putty Paint Plumbing pipes fittings water tank Sanitary lavabo toilet sink fittings Electrical wires fittings Other 1.0 10.0 6.1 2.9 4.4 5.8 1.2 3.9 4.2 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.3 0.6 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 Transport 5.3 = 100 The various materials from the input categories which had been used for the analysis were Cement, Rockand, Aggregate, Block, Steel bars, Glass and Ceramic tiles. As it can be observed from table 3.0, all the different components have been attributed a weightage to tally 100 for all the input categories used in the construction of the single-storey house in the base year 2001. As mentioned earlier, the total cost of the single storey house in the base year 2001 was Rs 550,000. While following up on the various increases in the individual prices of the different components from the base year to September 2007, it has been noted that the prices of the materials have experienced an average increase of 51.6% in the total price (Construction price index, 2007). Hence, applying the 51.6% increase, the cost of the house as at September 2007 has reached up to Rs 833,800. Therefore, we can now have an idea of the quantities of each component, based on the total cost, which would be needed for the construction of the building. To illustrate this, cement was taken as an example. It has been calculated from the Index that cement makes up 10% of the total weightage of the materials used. Therefore, it can be deduced that the total amount of cement for the construction of the building will cost (10% x 833,800) Rs 83,380 as at 30 September 2007. Hence, using the index, the cost of each component can be computed individually. For example, if the price of one cement bag is known, the number of bags of cement needed for the construction of the building can also be calculated. To check whether the weightage allocated by the quantity surveyor was adequate or not, a quantity take off exercise work was carried out on one of the materials used. Block work was selected for that purpose. By knowing the weightage attributed to the block and the unit price, 2174 blocks was obtained. However, by quantity takeoff, 2216 blocks was calculated. There is a marginal difference in the number of blocks. Therefore, the weightage allocated can be considered to be realistic and reliable. Similarly all the different materials were calculated. Calculation of energy resources and green house gas The Simapro Life-Cycle Assessment Software was used to calculate the greenhouse gas emission and energy resources of each of the calculated materials in section 3.2. The resource energy is an estimation of all the energies which have been used for the different processes to manufacture the material. Similarly, during each process, green house gas is emitted. Estimating the weight of the building Every house has a weight which is being supported on the soil. In order to have an estimate of it, unit weight of reinforced concrete, concrete block and ceramic tiles were used. Concrete work Concrete work included concrete for slabs, columns, beams, floor, strip footing and pad footing. Knowing the unit weight of reinforced concrete, the total weight of the concrete used in the house can be calculated. In this case, a unit weight of 25 KPa for the reinforced concrete was used. However, concrete work excludes all finishing works. Blocks A unit weight of 2.85 KPa was used for calculating the weight of blocks in the building. It included for the rendering of the blocks and the mortar between the blocks joint. Therefore, having the weight of each unit, the total weight of the blocks used in the house can be calculated. Ceramic tiles Assuming that the tile is of 30 cm by 30 cm and having a weight of 0.2 kg, the total weight of the ceramic tiles used in the house can be estimated. Therefore, if the weight of all the materials in the house is known, an estimate of the overall weight of the building can be found. Results and Discussion Introduction In order to satisfy the aim of the project, calculations and a quantity take off exercise were carried out and using the Simapro Life Cycle Analysis Software greenhouse gas emissions and resource energy were obtained. The calculation is presented in the Appendices B and C. The main results are discussed in the following section. Results for Steel bars used For the pad foundation, 12mm diameter steel bars (Y12) were used. Moreover, 10mm diameter bars (Y10) were used in columns and beams, 8mm diameter (Y08) for the bottom bars (B1 and B2) and one of the top bars in slabs and stirrups had a diameter of 6mm (R06). It was assumed that the length of standard size of a regular steel bar to be 9m. By doing bar bending schedule, 180Y10 were used, in the 20 columns which were found in the typical residential house. Moreover, 44.5Y10 were used in the beams. And 159Y08 and R06 were used in the slabs and in the columns as shear links. The total price of all these is Rs 48 296 (Appendix B) The table 4.0 below shows the quantities obtained for different diameters of steel bars used. The mass of each steel bar was also calculated by multiplying the length of the steel bars by the quantity and the multiplying factor. Table 4.0 Total mass and quantity of steel bars used Bar diameter/ mm Quantity Multiplying factor Total Mass/ Kg 12 20 0.888 159.84 10 44.5 0.616 246.71 8 159 0.395 565.25 6 159 0.222 317.68 = 1289.48 1289 kg of steel were required for the construction of a 128 m2 (1381 Sq. feet) house. Results for Cement It is a basic ingredient of concrete (grade 15 and grade 20), mortar and plaster. Concrete grade 15 was used for the casting of the blinding layer while grade 20 was used for casting of slab, columns and beams. To calculate the amount of cement required, it was assumed that the price of a 50 kg bag of cement was Rs. 208.80 (Source: local Hardware shop). Using the weight and the total price of the residential house, the total price obtained for cement was Rs. 83 270 (refer to Appendix B). Approximately, 20 tonnes of cement were required for the construction of the house. Results for Rocksand and Aggregate Aggregate and rocksand were used in the making of concrete grade 15 and 20. It was assumed that the price of one tonne of Rocksand and aggregate to be Rs 380 and Rs 331 respectively. The total cost of rocksand was calculated to be Rs 50 794 and Rs 24148 for aggregate. 134 tonnes of rocksand and 73 tonnes of aggregate (14mm 20mm) were needed for the construction of the house. Results for Blocks By quantity take off exercise, 2 216 blocks of size 150x200x450mm were used for the construction of the house. The blocks were used for the construction of partitioning as well as load bearing wall. Results for glass and ceramic tiles 195 Kg of glass (3mm thick) and 428 Kg of ceramic tiles were used for the typical house. Results for concrete By quantity take off exercise, 50.88 m3 of grade 20 concrete and 4.37 m3 of grade 15 concrete was used for the construction of the building. Results for resource energy and greenhouse gas emission Table 4.1 displays the different values of greenhouse gas emission and energy resources that were obtained using the Simapro life cycle assessment software. Table 4.2, Figure 4.0 and 4.1 show the total green house gas emission and energy resources for the typical residential house. Table 4.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission and Resource Energy for different materials Material Unit Greenhouse Gas/ Kg of CO2 equivalent Energy resource MJ LHV Concrete 1 kg 0.135 0.863 Cement 1 kg 0.977 4.87 Iron Bar 1 kg 1.710 31.1 Ceramic tile 1 kg 0.360 6.99 Float glass uncoated 1 kg 0.995 13.5 Sand and gravel 1 kg 1.560 25.1 Concrete block 1 kg 0.523 1.60 As it can be observed, the unit of green house gas emission is in CO2 equivalent. This is because methane is also included as a green house gas. Table 4.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Resource Material Mass /kg Greenhouse Gas/ Kg of CO2 equivalent Energy resources MJ LHV Concrete 138 125 18 647 119 202 Cement 20 000 19 540 97 400 Iron Bar 1 290 2 206 40 119 Ceramic tile 428 154 2 992 Float glass uncoated 185 184 2 498 Sand and gravel 207 000 322 920 5 195 700 Concrete block 33 240 1 7 384 53 184 = 381 035 = 5 511 095 Discussions on resource energy and C02 emission To construct a 128 m2 (1381 Sq. feet) house, 381 tonnes of CO2 equivalent are emitted and 5 511 GJ LHV of energy is required, to produce all the material. However, this energy is only 10% of the total energy consumed over the operational lifespan of the building. While considering the construction materials, it can be noted that Iron bar requires the highest energy (31.1 MJ LHV) to manufacture and Concrete the lowest (0.863 MJ LHV). This can be explained by the fact that the manufacturing process of steel is very complex and therefore consumes a lot of energy. Furthermore, energy is only needed for mixing all the different constituents for the manufacture of concrete. The same reasoning can be applied for the value of greenhouse gas emission of Iron bar and Concrete. For the construction of the residential house, normally materials which are left over make up the majority of construction waste. Levels of waste during the construction need to be reduced, for environmental and economic s reasons. The focus should be on decreasing waste at source, that is, by prevention. The advantage with this practice is a more efficient use of materials and hence a reduction of the material costs. In order to achieve sustainable use of resources, the waste hierarchy can be used. Figure 4.1 Waste Hierarchy Potentials for waste minimization on site are very difficult as the amount of waste materials that will be generated is affected by many factors. Some of these factors are Building design Specification for materials Construction methods (whether load bearing or frame method) Time allocated for the construction of the building Reduction of resource energy and CO2 emission Some common practices in the construction of a residential house which can reduce the resource energy and CO2 emission are given below: Residential house can be built either using the frame method or the load bearing method. In Mauritius, nearly all residential houses are built using a combination of both methods. In load bearing construction, the inner columns are not necessary as the loads are taken by the wall. If the load bearing method is adopted, for the construction of the 128 m2, some 16 columns can be removed from a total of 20. This will reduce the cost of the house as less concrete, steel bars, formwork and labour will be used. About 4m3 of concrete could be saved if 16 columns are removed. Moreover, this will also lower the overall resource energy and greenhouse gas emission of the house by 8630 MJ LHV and 1350 Kg of C02 equivalent respectively. Also, beams that does not span on long distances can be removed. By doing so, the total resource energy for the house and green house gas emission can be reduced. As mentioned earlier in chapter 2, usually left over materials make up the majority of construction waste. Overestimation of materials which will be needed for the construction increases the cost through the purchase of excess products, waste handling and disposal costs. However, the excess materials can be returned to the supplier if any packaging return is adopted. Also, materials should be stored in a safe place in order to prevent damage and wastage. Concrete waste resulting from overpouring of concrete is an example of inefficient use of earth resources. Most of the times, block wastes can be reduced through avoiding damage to blocks during delivery. In addition, waste can be reduced by applying a more efficient blocklaying practice. There are volumes of waste from offcuts of ceramic tiles. Tile offcuts are affected by the design specification of the building. If tile offcuts are used, material wastage can be limited. Also, ceramic tiles must be bought in small proportion to ensure that there is minimum wastage. Overestimation of ceramic tiles which will be needed for the floor should be prevented as far as possible. Discussion on weight of the building The weight of the building was calculated to be 1953 KN. However by taking the sum of all the weight of the different materials used in the construction of the residential house, the weight obtained was 2670 KN. There is a significant difference between the two weights. There are several possible reasons which can explain this. There were many assumptions on which the analysis was based. According to Jagai D. (pers. Comm., 19 November 2007), the weightage allocated by the firm of private quantity surveyors had included 5-10% wastage in all the material used for the construction. Based on that assumption, the weight of the building should have been 2403 KN (2670 x 0.9) instead of 1953 KN. The estimated weight was based on estimated prices which could have been erroneous. The prices are actual rates being used by local hardware shops and by local suppliers. Normally, price of construction material varies across the island. This is because transport cost is included in the rate. In this project, the rate from one hardware shop and supplier was considered for the calculation of the resources (the prices which were used, is found in the appendix). Conclusions The main objective of the report was to calculate the resource energy and associated green house gas linked to construction of a typical house in Mauritius. Also, the weight of the house had to be calculated. A virtual house of 128.30m2 was selected for that purpose. The key findings are: Prior to the start of the analysis, existing literature reviews show that building consumes a lot of energy mainly for the manufacture of all the materials and during the lifespan of the building. 10% of total energy requirement is used for the manufacture of the materials. The most common type of residential building in Mauritius has a size of 128m2 and it requires 20 tonnes of cement, 1290 Kg of iron bar, 428 Kg of ceramic tile, 185 Kg of glass 207 tonnes of rocksand and aggregate and finally 2216 blocks. The virtual residential house emitted 381 tonnes of greenhouse gas and required 5511 tonnes of energy to build all the materials considered in the analysis. The weight of the house was estimated using unit weights of concrete and block. The virtual house was found to weigh about 195 tonnes. There are several ways in which the resource energy and the greenhouse gas emission can be reduced. First and foremost, waste minimization is important during the construction. Improving material efficiency will reduce purchasing and disposal costs. It also benefits the environment through more efficient use of the earths resources. Recycling of construction waste materials would provide substantial benefits to the industry in terms reduced material supply and waste disposal cost. This will also increase sustainability and reduced environmental impacts. Recommendations for future work Only unit weight of block and reinforced concrete was used while calculating the weight of the building. It is required to calculate the weight of the building inclusive of live load. This will give a more apparent weight of the building. While calculating the total resource energy and greenhouse gas emission, some of the construction materials such as timber, metal openings and paint were neglected. It is required to estimate the quantity which will be used and hence calculate the total resource energy and greenhouse gas emission. This will give a factual value. As mention in the literature review, 90% of energy is consumed over the lifespan of the building, it is required to conduct an analysis on the building to calculate the energy requirement of the building during its operation phase. The value obtained can be compared to that of the materials obtained in this report. References Anink, D., et al. (1996), The Handbook of Sustainable Building: Ecological Choice of Materials in Construction and Renovation. James and James (Science Publishers), London. Brown M, (2007), energy, the encyclopedia of earth, Available: https://www.eoearth.org/article/Emergy [accessed on 02.12.07]. Brown M. T. and Buranakarn V. 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Types of Competition - 1000 Words

Economic theory usually differentiates across the four major types of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. Although the list of market structures can be virtually unlimited, these four types are considered to be the basis for understanding the principles of market performance in different market conditions. Each of the four types of market structures possesses its benefits and drawbacks. In any of these markets, an entrepreneur can develop a strategy appropriate for conquering a part of the market niche. Although for many entrepreneurs monopoly seems an excellent choice (no competitors and full control over the product and its price), in reality it is monopolistic competition that†¦show more content†¦In perfect competition, no barriers to entry or exit exist, and firms are free to move across their markets. Certainly, perfect competition seems a perfect choice for customers, while monopoly will seem like a perfect choice for entrepreneurs – no competition, full price control, and full control over the product assortment. However, as an entrepreneur, I would rather choose monopolistic competition. My choice is justified by several reasons. Fist of all, monopoly prevents entrepreneurs from entering the market, while monopolistic competition markets are free for entry, and as an entrepreneur I may enter any market I deem appropriate and effective in terms of maximizing my profits. Second, monopoly does give some control over prices and product assortment, but in the current world, customers always seek to diversify the range of products they use. Monopoly does not leave any chance for differentiation, and as an entrepreneur I will always want to have several different products that will be sold to several different groups of consumers. Finally, it is due to the fact that competition drives innovation and gives me sufficient stimuli for growth that I can make my business grow. As such, in conditi ons of monopolistic competition I may have fewer opportunities for maximizing my profits for the sake of full control over prices and assortment, but I am more confident that my business will grow for the account of better customer satisfactionShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types of Competition1112 Words   |  4 PagesPure Competition: Pure competition involves number of companies or firms manufacturing similar or identical goods. In such pure competition the firms have no control over the prices. These companies are often termed as Price Takers. The pricing strategy is no in hands of the company it is determined by market forces. The firms operating in a pure competition manufacture standardized products which do not offer them a chance to differentiate their products on the basis of some unique feature ofRead MoreThe Types Of Market, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, And Monopoly803 Words   |  4 Pagesthe video which discusses the four types of markets: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. In order to review this effectively there must be an understanding of the terms. According to our text, perfect competition involves products competing clients and that they offer corporations less potential profits than imperfectly competitive markets do. (Bryd, Hickman and McPheson, ) The text also referenced imperfect competition and this is when entry is restrictedRead MoreA Qualitative Analysis of the Types of Goals Athletes Set in Training and Competition: Article Summary1598 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of an Article: A Qualitative Analysis of the Types of Goals Athletes Set in Training and Competition Validity and Reliability In order for research to be reliable, other researchers must be able to perform the same experiment and achieve the same results (Shuttleworth, 2008). The reliability of this study is unknown at this point. In the past, researchers have used quantitative methods to try to find out the feelings that athletes have had about goal-setting. This survey method hasRead MorePlant Competition1284 Words   |  6 PagesPlant Competition INTRODUCTION This experiment was used to show the different types of competition between species. Competition was defined as being a â€Å"relationship between members of the same or different species in which individuals are adversely affected by those having the same living requirements, such as food or space† (Competition 2010). There are two different types of competition that we will be observing during this experiment. The first type would be intraspecific, which means â€Å"competitionRead MoreCompetition : A Theory Of Competition Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesa. Theory of Competition Competition in the economic sphere denotes the process of rivalry between firms for the patronage of customers. The European Commission defines competition as a situation in which firms or sellers â€Å"independently strive for buyers’ patronage in order to achieve aparticular business objective, for example, profits, sales, or marketshare†7. Richard Whish refers to competition in the commercial world as â€Å"a striving for the custom and business of people in the market place†8.Read MoreTypes of Market Environments and the Internets Affect907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen determining what type of market environment that businesses operate within today, one must decide what segment of the market is being targeted. Whether it is the agricultural industry, the retail sales industry, the automotive industry or the utilities industry, each market has its own type of business environment that it operates under. In recent years, the emergence of the Internet has shifte d the balance of power in most industries. In order to explain today’s market environment clearlyRead MoreThe Types Of Market Structures1640 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assesses market structures, the company must conduct proper research on the customers, competition, and costs. Understanding the current nature of the economy is instrumentalRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures: Whole Foods1242 Words   |  5 Pagesthe different types of market structures. The markets have different characteristics, which determine the strategies applied by the various organizations in the continuum (Etro, 2009). Different types of market structures In the field of microeconomics, the market structure of an organization determines the performance of the organization within the industry. There are different types of market structures practiced today. Among these market structures include the perfect competition structure (MillerRead MoreCompetition and Basic Needs Essay examples1143 Words   |  5 Pagesa society. There are many different types of social interaction but competition is a main one that is very present in societies today. Competition is the act of competing against someone or something when a resource or action is needed and there is a low supply of it. Competition is not only found between two or more people but also in a variety of other areas in society. Unbroken, a novel written by Laura Hilenbaug, talks about various aspects of competition in society. She talks about the strugglesRead MoreA Human Resources Value Analysis1398 Words   |  6 PagesA Human Resources Value Analysis of Canada’s Top 100 Empl oyers, Best Employers in Canada, and The Queen’s Competition This human resources study will recommend two of the largest promotional competitions for business rankings found in Canada’s Top 100 Employers and Best Employers in Canada. These competitions define the most efficient workplace environment, which produce the most productive and efficient corporate communities. The one important aspect of Canada’s Top 100 Employers defines the most

Figurative Language In Literary Texts - 997 Words

literary texts, in particular, poetry, can evade translation through their culture-specific and figurative language, as well as language origin. It will also explain how other texts, particularly non-fiction, lend themselves more easily to translation due to the literalness they contain, enabling the original to be brought over to a new language more or less word-for-word. This essay will argue that, whilst the use of figurative language in literary texts is more resistant to translation, the use of a suitable translator and translation method ensures that most are in fact translatable. Meaning and Effect The Translator has to find the meaning and intended effect of a source text to replicate it accurately. Benjamin believes that if the†¦show more content†¦Arabic and Persian languages, on the other hand, have many different concepts than English including a unique cadence, different word order, greater distinction between formal and informal language via the use of pronouns, varied grammatical concepts, and tenses. When considering literary texts, Translators are faced with further issues due to â€Å"the anxiety over un-translatability [†¦] along with the desire for [†¦] cross-cultural articulation and representation in the target text. This is particularly apparent in literary translation.† Sun (2011: 231). Davis (2004: 310) posits that literary texts demonstrate two types of untranslatability: linguistic and cultural. Every language contains its own rhymes due to language patterns and has variations of sound patterns and semantics, meaning that literal translations lose the intended effect and rhythm. Panegyrics are often used in Arabic and Persian poetry but are rare in English poetry. Hyperbole seems unnatural in some languages, including English, and metaphors or similes don’t always make sense to speakers of a language other than the author’s (ibid.: 310-314). Arabic and Persian poetry strongly emphasise wonder and amazement. There aren’t single terms in English to express, for example, a notion of beauty, unlike the word Shahr-ashub in Arabic (ibid.: 315). To quote Davis’s example, â€Å"To refer to a person as a walking cypress tree (sarv-e ravari) is only absurd inShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Lesson Plan1619 Words   |  7 PagesMSU Denver English Department Lesson Plan Template Title of base text (for example, title of story or poem. If novel or play, note specific chapter or act and pages): Romeo and Juliet Scene 1 Act 3 Essential Question: What are the consequences of learned hatred? Grade level: 9 Common Core Standard Specifically Addressed:CCSS Craft and Structure 4 Objective for lesson: SWBAT evaluate the language that Shakespeare uses and determine whether or not deeper meaning exists in some of his wordRead MoreThemes Of Eleven By Sandra Cisneros And On Turning Ten997 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple literary devices to achieve the theme of aging. In Eleven Sandra Cisneros uses figurative language, symbolism and mood to create the theme of aging. While in On Turning Ten the author uses word choice, figurative language and mood. The two of these authors use these literary devices to add to the theme but in different ways. These short stories both compare and contrast in their ways of achieving the theme of mood through figurative language. Sandra Cisneros uses multiple figurative languagesRead MoreFigurative Language And The Language1305 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomena, one of which is figurative language. It is a person’s way to saturate the mind with profound thoughts centered around its meaning. It has an interesting background, covers a wide array of literary devices, is applied within different types of writing, and people employ these devices within their daily language. Figurative language is a constructive way to communicate ideas using expressions, unlike its opposite idea which is literal interpretations. â€Å"Figurative language, in comparison, usesRead MoreThemes In Something Wicked This Way Comes1142 Words   |  5 Pagesalso manifested in the texts â€Å"If-†, by Rudyard Kipling, and the article, â€Å"The Art of Resilience.† The poem,†If-†, focuses on the qualities that all men should possess. Similarly, â€Å"The Art of Resilience† encompasses the idea of resilience and how one can develop this trait. The same universal theme is developed through the use of literary devices throughout all three texts. 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According to our text, Clugston states thatRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of A Midsummer Nights Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream Literary Analysis In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream the writer William Shakespeare uses many types of figurative language and literary devices to reinforce the major themes of the play. Throughout the play the major theme is love. Readers know this due to how in the play the main conflict is love. The types of figurative language and or literary devices that William Shakespeare uses in the play to reinforce the themes are personification, symbolism, and clichà ©s. A goodRead MoreThe Significance of Literary Knowledge in Parodic Poetry: A Look At Anthony Hecht’s The Dover Bitch1100 Words   |  5 Pages Being able to think critically about a text takes a vast knowledge of literature and a keen eye to recognize patterns, and each form comes with its own difficulties when it comes to breaking the text down. Large texts make it harder to look back for evidence, and sometimes while reading with one frame of mind, key themes and ideas can be missed. Poems, on the other hand, can be vague and extremely difficult to pick apart. Poets rely on figurative language to make seemingly random word choices makeRead MoreLearning Competencies1019 Words   |  5 PagesLEARNING COMPETENCIES ENGLISH III LISTENING 1. Shift from one listening strategy to another depending on the text and one ¶s purpose for listening 1.1 Use attentive listening with informative texts and analytical and critical listening with argumentative texts 1.2 Single out reasons cited in argumentative texts and assess the worth of ideas presented based on a set of criteria 1.2.1 Determine whether arguments and conclusions are logical or illogical 1.2.2 Determine the stand of a speaker

Fight Club A Narrative Analysis - 1556 Words

Barsam and Monahan define a narrative as, â€Å"A cinematic structure in which content is selected and arranged in a cause-and-effect sequence of events occurring over time† (553). David Fincher’s Fight Club uses a very unique narrative mode in that the whole film is self-narrated by the unnamed main character and has one of the best surprise endings in this writer’s opinion. This makes the film a prime specimen to be broken apart for further narrative analysis. The film starts out with the nameless narrator played by Edward Norton in a nameless city. The narrator, stuck in a dead-end white collar job, suffers from insomnia and is told he can’t receive medication. This paints Norton’s character as someone who is stuck, without any visible†¦show more content†¦After a quick plot device of the narrator’s apartment exploding he meets up with Durden and asks to stay with him. Durden accepts, but as they leave the bar he asks the narrator to hit him. This ends up in a friendly fist fight (if there ever was one) between the two which ends up being a sport between the two. These fights gain attention and eventually move into the bar’s basement where the event is appropriately dubbed Fight Club. Fight Club starts as a way for ordinary men to let out their frustrations and anger do to their mediocre lives. In the club a man is only worth what he is made of. It doesn’t matter how rich they are or what kind of life they lead, just how strong they are both in body and mind. Throughout the film Tyler very strongly supports the idea of anti-consumerism and it permeates into the club itself. Eventually fight club, and its ideals, spread throughout the country. Different sects sprouting up in every city gives Durden the ability to start something much bigger that he had planned. And so Project Mayhem is born. The newly formed club of anarchists wreaks havoc throughout the city with vandalism and theft galore spreading their anti-materialist views. As with any club that starts out will small crimes they start to expand under Tyler’s rule, both in size and in magnitude of crimes. At this pointShow MoreRelated Analysis of â€Å"Fight Club† Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Fight Club† For years David Fincher has directed some of the most stylish and creative thrillers in American movies. His works include: Aliens 3, Seven, The Game and Fight Club. Each of these films has been not only pleasing and fun to watch but each has commented on society, making the viewers think outside the normal and analyze their world. Fight Club is no exception, it is a multi-layered film with many subplots and themes, but primarily it is a surrealistic description of theRead MoreSherlock Holmes : A Game Of Shadows Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivered in this film? This essay will be discussing how does this movie with its nature of being a blockbuster action/adventure film perform a story about Sherlock Holmes and whether this attempt is successful. And how the action sequences serves the narrative and its definition as a blockbuster film. After the success of the first Sherlock movie, Sherlock Holmes (2009), producers decided they want a sequel and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows was born. This movie is as successful as the first one.Read MoreAnalysis of the Themes in Fight Club Essay2291 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of the Themes in Fight Club It is easy to understand how and why many who view Fight Club (Fincher, 1999) would argue that is in essence a critique of post modern consumer culture within America or indeed the western world. After all we are faced with Character(s) Jack (Edward Norton) who seems to gain no cultural sustenance from the world in which he inhabits. More over it seems to do him harm in the form of insomnia. This coupled with his obsession with IkeaRead MoreLove Conquers All Trap in the film, The Wrestler1624 Words   |  6 Pagesthe very end when the master narrative is surprisingly overthrown. Through its cinematic realism and clever marriage of typical plot structure and unconventional resolution, The Wrestler creatively rejects this master narrative of domesticity. The master narrative is a compelling force that dictates audience’s expectations of stories. Master narratives are steeped in culture and are ingrained into one from a young age. Audiences unwittingly accept the master narrative as how things ought to be. WhenRead MoreAnalysis Of James Miller s The Heart Of Movement Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted this interview on May 24th, 2000 in Mass Point, Mississippi. James Miller tells Stephanie what it was like to live and experience Jim Crow and the Civil Right Movement in the heart of movement, his home-- Mississippi. The purpose of this Narrative Analysis is to learn through a primary source, in this case James Miller, what life was like for African Americans during the time of Jim Crow segregation, and how the civil rights movement enacted change through his life. Miller was primarily regardedRead MoreAnalysis Of John Okadas No-No Boy1259 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily in the Issei and Nisei community. This essay argue s that through Ichiro Yamada’s struggle to integrate, John Okada’s No-No Boy represents the fracturing belief of a monoracial American identity and the cultural instability found within the narrative. No-No Boy adopts an allegoric strategy in order to foreground the ways in which internment, and sometimes incarceration, shaped the attitudes and lifestyles of the Issei and Nisei after the war. As the novel progresses, Okada examines charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Room 1679 Words   |  7 Pageshis campaign. During the first viewing the film didn’t left me with a lot of emotional impact, and after re-watching this film extensively it still didn’t left me with too much of an impact. The reason why I felt this way will come later on this analysis. However, I can understand what would be the emotional impact for a normal viewer, that being â€Å"heartwarming†. I feel the relationship between the Frank and Calvin is a mirror for many people who had to go through opening up to their â€Å"not so liberal†Read MoreRepresentation of Different Masculinities2539 Words   |  11 Pageswithin the film ‘Fight Club’ (Fincher, 1999). Although this film has been seen by many as a stinging indictment of consumer culture. Others take as a as key to understanding the new realities concerning masculinity. Primarily using the work of Laura Mulvey and Henry A. Giroux I believe that it is clear to see that the themes and issues which are central to Fight Club are based primarily on gender. Additional to this, the fragility of man and narratives surrounding masculineRead MoreANALYSIS OF SEK Mhakayi 11491 Words   |  6 Pages ANALYSIS OF ‘AFTER THE BATTLE’ by S.E.K Mqhayi MqhayiRead MoreThe Truth About Sex Trafficking Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be happening in our own towns and neighborhoods, invisible to us as we go about our daily comfortable lives, is unthinkable.   Since Congress first acted on this issue in 1999, the federal government has supplied more than 150 million dollars to fight human trafficking in the United States alone.   However, the most recent data suggests that there are tens of thousands of victims that were not originally cited. While no one would argue that any victim in the United States is worth the support of