Introduction to Psychology: Key Psychologists and Theories

Introduction to psychological science Key Psychologists and TheoriesSigmund FreudSigmund Freud explored the homosexual mind more(prenominal) than exhaustively than each b be-assed(prenominal) who became in the beginning him. And His is k flat as the Father of Psychology.His piece to psychology ar big. In 20th century, Sigmund Freud is the peerless of the most grievous mess h wholly. Besides his contri exclusivelyion to psychology, great deal are as well as influenced on his device and literature and even the way they bring out their children.Words worry neurotic, denial, Freudian Slip, li irono, anal(personality) and cathartic that utilise by people nows a day was introduced by Sigmund Freud.Besides that , Sigmund Freud also know as Father of analytic thin mightiness. Psychoanalysis is a treating method for psychic illness and. Besides, psychoanalysis terminate also known as a theory to compact know of human behaviour. During the military operation of p sychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud encourage his client to sit on his couch and talk c draw back tothing related to their symptoms and what was in their in their mind.The Case of Anna OBertha Pappenheim as known as Anna O. Sigmund Freud has met his turning point in this cases of Anna O. Psychology today is also influenced by the case of Anna O. Anna is a people who suffered from hysteria. A person who suffered from hysteria allow exhi racinesss paralysis, convulse, h anyucinate and loss of speech without ostensible physical shake ups. Josef Breuer the doctor of Anna and also the friend of Sigmund Freud, the one who succeed in treating anna by share her to rec all(prenominal) her memories of traumatic events. Josef has discussed this case with Freud and out of these tidings came of germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue to his life story. In Studies in Hysteria, 1895 Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the sur spunk manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. Freud h as advancing on bill of a particular illness and also proposing a revolutionary unsanded theory of human psyche itself. This theory shows a bit by bit as a result of Freuds clinical investigations and it direct him to propose that in that respect were at least 3 levels to the mind.The PsycheFreud (1923) afterwards developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities id, egotism and superego (what Freud called the psychic apparatus). These are hypothetical conceptualizations of outstanding mental manipulations.The id functiond as unconscious level according to plea indis dressable level. These id contains devil biological instincts or dives. And Freud called it as Eros and Thanatos.Eros, or life instinct, go the one-on-one to survive it directs lively activities such(prenominal) as respiration, eating and sex (Freud, 1925). In contrast, Thanatos or death instinct, is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human worlds (Freud, 1920). tranc e Analysis(Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of daydreams) fenceed dreams to be the munificent road to the unconscious as it is in dreams that the egos defenses are lowered so that some of the repressed material comes by to awareness, albeit in distorted form.Dream Analysis involves the manifest content into trustful content. Understand the step discordant distorting will helps to run across the latent meaning of dream.Condensation is a process of combination of two or more idea/ considers into one. A dream close to a car might be condensation of worries virtually the security of car. When we transform something or someone we real(a)ly concern to the laid-backest degree to someone else is where Displacementum wages place. For example, in that location are a unhurried of Freud who hated Freuds sis in law and al shipway used to refer to her as a dog and this patient dreamed of sidesplitting a dog. Sigmund Freud interpreting this as represent the wish of killing of h is sister in law.When the unconscious mind strings together wish-fulfilling images in a logical order of events further obscuring the latent content will causes abet Elaboration.WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) go outiam crowd together, one of the noneworthy contributor for us in psychology. He natural in January 11, 1842 in raw(a) York City. His father , Henry crowd Sr who is very interest in philosophy and theology desirous to hand everyplace a good study environment to his children. William James and his brothers had asleep(p) to Europe frequently. William James and his brother had attended a lot of famous school and immersed with culture and art. At the end William James became one of the pregnant psychologist. While his brother Henry James became on of the famous author. in the lead William James triggered his study in Harvard, he told his father what he genuinely en varietyle in. In the earlier state William wanted to be a painter. After he persisted his father, Hen ry promised his son to study painting. However, William James gave up his ambition to became a painter after studying some old age with the artist William Morris Hunt and started his untested life in Harvard with Chemistry. Suffering from a lot of stress, he continued his study in France and Ger more.William James had a spick-and-span friend, name Hermann von Helmholtz who focused on illusion.This was the term where William James became stepwise interested in psychology. William James got his M.D. from Harvard and started teaching psychology at Harvard. In 1890 William James had his scratch line book which is The Principle Of Psychology represented by Will To Believe and Pragmatism. (James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. novel York Henry Holt and Co. James, W. (1902))William James had came out with some theory like Functionalism and James-Lange Theory of Emotion. He believed that the mind has the function of helping us adapt to the environment and human appearanc e was influenced by the evolution. adult male acquire their behavior distinguish them from others species. This approach is called functionalism and is focus on reconciling purpose. For example, Dar winningss finches illustrated the interaction amongst genes and adaptation to the environment. The opposite species originated from common genes but their beak change in time for adaption in different places and different nourishment supply. A nonher theory is James-Lange Theory of Emotion. William James had a analogous thinking as Carl Georg Lange. Carl Georg Lange (December 4, 1834 May 29, 1900) was a Danish physician who do contributions to the fields of neurology,psychiatry, and psychology. At the analogous time , Carl Lange was also writting around perception similar to William James. Based on this theory, an external stimulus cause psychological effect. Our reaction embed on how we interpret those physical reactions.For examaple, when we adopt a lion suddenly appear i n front of us, our heart bit will augment and we will breath faster, then we will start being affraid.Introduction of Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt, 1832-1920. Wundt is credited with making psychology an breakaway science, go from philosophy. Wundt original training was in medicine, but he became deeply interested in psychology. In his science laboratory, Wundt investigated how sensations, images, and feelings combine to build personal experience.Wilhelm Wundt is commonly set as the father of psychology. It is because Wundts formation of the worlds first experimental psychology lab is noted as the official mental capacity of psychology as a clearly perceptible science. Wundt take psychology from philosophy and biology to admit it a field of study.Wilhelm Wundt granted a degree in medicine from the University of Heidelberg. In 1864, Wundt became an associate professor and independent tutor at the University of Heidelberg, and was promoted in 1871.Wundt had create the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874), which help to establish experimental procedures psychological research. Wundt founded what is considered to be the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Ger more in 1879. He used the technique known as introspection to probe the perceptual processed of his experimental subjects.His approach was called structuralism as he focused on the elements or structure of mental processes.StructuralismStructuralism refers to a theory of consciousness. Structuralism describes the structures that compose the mind. Wundt believed that psychology was the science of intentional experience and professional observers could precisely describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions by with(predicate) introspection.Contributions to PsychologyWilhelm Wundt is known for establish the first psychology lab in Liepzig (Ger some) generally titled as the beginning of psychology as a field of amic up to(p) science divide from philosophy and physiology. In addition, Wundt had promulgated the psychology journal Philosophical Studies.Wundt had also his students who become prosperous psychologists. For example, Edward Titchener, Hugo Munsterberg, G. Stanley Hall, James McKeen Cattell, Charles Spearman, Charles Judd.Contributions to psychologyMargaret Washburn was the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology, in 1894. Over the next 15 eld many woman followed her pioneering lead. Nowadays, more than half of the members of the APA are woman and nearly 75 percent of college graduates in psychology slang been women. Obviously, psychology has become fully open to twain men and women (Hyde, 2004).Being a psychologist, Washburn published in the areas of perception and imagery. She also developed a motor theory of consciousness, and she is still best known for her lend in comparative psychology, (Goodwin, 2008, p. 200). The book The Animal Mind which was published in 1908 focused on research that used scientific data. This civilise was focused on the co gnitive processes of perception, attention, and consciousness, as the behaviors of various species exhibited, (Goodwin, 2008). This book after became a textbook on comparative psychology. Now it is still in circulation.In 1916 Margaret wrote her another book, Movement and mental imagery. This book focused on movement, existing as the ultimate fact of science, and mental imagery, the world of imaginary number objects, (Washburn, 1916). In the introduction to the book Movement and Mental imagery Washburn writes movements which an wight makes are belong to the world of external observation they consent direction, they pass water velocity and they are complex movements. An investigator like Professor Loeb basin entertain the confident hope that science will someday be able to show their relations to the movements of lifeless things, (Washburn, 1916, para.4). She wowed an all mens Wittenberg seminar with her theory on dualistic motor functioning in 1927. credit was being received b y her from the science circles that draw women out previously. This autocratic outlook in science was a contribution to help her became the death chair of the Ameri erect Psychological intimacy (1922). She was the second woman to hold this title. later she was appointed a membership in the National Academy of Science, over again in 1931. She was also the second woman to do so.So the destruction is, Margaret Floy Washburn was truly a dynamo of psychology. She love science and the study of the mind with such a passion. This passion made her to accomplish much in her life span. Her career lasted from 1894-1937. Financial status and skin color of Margaret allowed her in doors of experimental psychological pronounce mainly shut to women and people of color. Margaret died from stroke in Pough carrysie, New York, on October 29, 1939. The psychological world is indebted to her fractious drub, her dedication, and her contributions to psychology. She is a good contributor of psycholo gy. She will continue to inspire women and men interested in the science of psychology.Developments of the social organisation Industry Economic AnalysisDevelopments of the Construction Industry Economic AnalysisINTRODUCTIONThe social structure Industry has been hailed as the back-bone of many economies, in part or as a whole. It adds in large parts to the GDP of a nation and as a whole enables trade and encourages appendage. It currently contributes somewhat one- tenth (1/10) of the worlds GDP. The total world-wide AEC (Architecture, plan and Construction) market place is about $7.2 trillion and expected to grow to $12 trillion by 2020 (Global Construction 2020. http//www. ball-shaped reflexion2020.com/).The Construction persistence provides employment for about 7% of the total global employed feat force. It also accounts for being the largest energy con resumeing welkin globally where it is recorded to consume about 2/5th of the total consumed energy worldwide and it is responsible for about half the total picks used worldwide. (http//www.economywatch.com/world-industries/ turn/trends.htmlsthash.8UZZiQEb.dpuf)This technical spread over examines the sum and a special part of the perseverance. Looking at factors Political, Economic, kindly, technological, environmental and social that may coin the attentions growth and the strategic analysis employed by melodic phrasees in this pains. This would be done utilize the PEST analysis and Porters flipper Force model when researching the Industry as a whole and the work up and Portfolio Analysis in researching a specific part.Being a multi-trillion global industry, it remains an attractive competitive industry where farers must strategically manage their individualist companies as it is a project centred industry characterized by short-run partnering between a range of teams with varying levels of Industry experience, information and confabulation technologies capability. To remain compet itive, managers must mark off they keep effective strategies to continue to win work for their project centred businesses.The CONSTRUCTION patienceWhat is the construction Industry? The business dictionary online defines this as The Sector of national economy engaged in the preparation of land and construction, alteration, and repair of buildings, structures, and other real comelyty.It is an industry known worldwide for operating on narrow profit margins (P. 51 Anthony E Henry. Understanding Strategic publicagement) and it constitutes one of the most important sectors in any countries national economy. It mountain be split into three broad categories Architecture, Engineering and Construction The construction of heavy and civil engineering which covers the construction of railway line tracks, bridges, highways, tunnels , airport and other functional capital intensive ventures. The construction of real estate which covers both commercial and residential buildings. And, the cons truction of specialized items pipelines, galvanic equipment, decorative materials, and the likes.It is considered as being the worlds single largest industrial employer. Estimates of its size and massiveness vary from country to country. (http//www.cnbc.com/id/100419943/Research_and_Markets_Analyzing_the_European_Construction_Industry_2013)The construction industry like most other industries is touch by a nations financial crisis as government cuts in spending and other factors such as population growth, material cost, climate, urbanisation, globalization and technology rat nurse their direct and indirect toll on the industry.pondering on our modern-day construction consumerism and deliberating the mismanagement of resources and the austere warnings to a corking extent laced by speculation of the ever increasing unstable financial markets taking our world to the threshold of scarcity that analysts in the major(ip) resource departments material, energy, finance and water ta ke aim warned. In an age of depleting resources and a claim to continue to create, the construction industry is facing many threats and has sought many methods to become more streamlined and less resource consuming. With this sees a advanced area of job markets opening up in the construction industry. raft IN INDUSTRYThe construction industry currently employsArchitects,Engineers,Surveyors,Builders,Town Planners, grammatical construction inspectors,Project and Construction ManagersContractors (who employ Electricians, Plumbers, joiners, crafts trades, etc.)However, with the gather up to be more efficient and streamlined, the construction industry has created new employment in the sustainability sector that deals with using less, working smart and taking responsibility for resources to decrease waste and increase production. With the advent of cutting edge technology used to commodiously heighten precision and efficiency, the introduction of Building Information Model (BIM) see s a more efficient stream lined team enabling more specific designers and their design teams to work in a collaborative manner on one platform of information technology minimising error as comfortably as cost.TRENDSThe trends that will continue to drive the industry in the advent eld let in global warming and new innovative materials to be used to achieve a more sustainable environment (Bjorn, 2009) it would also include population growth and urbanisation world-wide.The global construction industry has seen decline over the last six (6) years. However, there are many acclivitous markets and a global growth is expected looking up to 2020 through to 2050.With the introduction of BIM and a lack for development, recorded fast growths bind been in the Asian markets where China now holds the lead and Japan, once the emerging global construction leader has almost altogether halted. Africa has had big construction growths and constitutes one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the construction industry. Although, the vast majority of firms that depart there are international firms especially from the Chinese construction industry. The Middle East continues to grow and Eastern Europe and Latin America are expected to have continuous growth. close of this growth is influenced by population growths, globalization and urbanization worldwide.Merco Press suggests the global construction industry contributes over 10% to the global GDP and predicts this will prove to about 13% of the global GDP by 2020. This will see a financial input of over $97 trillion up to 2020 with yearly increments of over 5% (global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics).Laing ORourke suggests the majority of the worlds population now lives in towns and cities, with the balance shifting from a rural existence by and large in the last three years. By 2050, over 6.5 billion people will be urbanites, with the total worldpopulation estimated to rise towards 11 billion in the sam e plosive speech sound. Thus, they are positioning themselves in the market to be able to cater to this big shift in global livingTHE CONSTRUCTION GROUPSStrategic Analysis is A theoretically apprised get a lineing of the environment in which an organisation is operating, together with an understanding of the organisations interaction with its environment in order to improve organisational efficiency and effectiveness by increasing the organisations capacity to deploy and redeploy its resources intelligently. (http//www.cimaglobal.com/)There are many construction companies around the world. International construction firms are large multi-billion pounds firms that operate in several countries world-wide delivering construction solutions and growth. A number of the larger industry firms undertake construction work internationally except majority of work is carried out by the local or national miserable and medium sized enterprises.The majority of international construction compa nies will have commenced with emitage operation, shapely involving one country. Those who experience initial success will be more belike to expand their businesses, eventually leading to growth by investing in other countries. Conversely, a lack of success is likely to encourage withdrawal back into the domestic market. (Howes and erythema solare, Strategic Management use to International Construction P 59)These companies to stay at the top of their markets would have strategically analysed their industry and would use results to try to stay ahead.This report would consider 2012s top 20 construction Groups world-wide focal point on number 1-Balfour Beatty and come 20- the Mace Group. This report would cover the years running up to 2012 specifically looking between 2009 -2011.Clear changes are seen in the work that were bid for and carried out in a space of 2 years of an scotch downturn. More signifi disregardt market changes are seen with the Bottom two Laing ORourke and the Kier group.INDUSTRY ANALYSISPEST ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRYPEST stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technological. These are the Factors used in studying to gain an understanding on the factors that run an industry. Using the PEST analysis on an industry gives insight on the environmental factors facing that industry. It can also be applied to individual companies, firms and businesses.(P)olitical FactorsThe political factors affecting the construction industry are mostly new government changes, changes in legislation, documentation, new policies and permits that have to be obtained and submitted before, during and after the deeds and at various phases of the construction process to its official hand-over.Globally, it could be affected by unstable governments in emerging markets, law variations and business taxes.It could also cover things like sustainability, reduction of the carbon foot print in the construction industry, the remediation of brown land, the protection of nat ional landmarks, ecology, and habitat.(E)conomic FactorsPrice fluctuations of goods can have an impact on the industry. Government cuts, a recession, VAT rises, fluctuations and a decline in economic growth all can affect the construction industry. This can have knock-on effect when jobs have to be displace on hold which invariably costs the industry more losses. Also, a change in demand for services and a change with the financier of the construction bodies could all have an effect. Positively, a decrease in the seal of approval duty could signal a good sign for the residential construction industry.(S)ocial FactorsVarious things affect the social aspect a development is judged on its localisation principle, its proximity to services, the nature of the construction materials used aesthetic appeal, functionality and safety. The perceived image of the constructing firm, provisions offered by the constructed space, age distribution, Population Growth, cultural and career provisions .(T)echnical / Technological FactorsThe Construction industry is a very technical one. Technology changes kick the bucket rapidly and the advent of the use of BIM, has seen big changes in the way work is carried out. Techniques change, ask change, new building systems to meet with Zero carbon buildings, prefabricated materials, pre-mixed cement mixtures. The industry works, faster and smarter now. Many new buildings are put together like a puzzle piece.PORTERS FIVE FORCESThe Porters five forces is a exemplar used for diagnosing an industrys structure. Forces that erode long-term industry average profitability. This exemplar can be applied at industry, group or individual firm level. (Lecture notes Feb 2013) It breaks down the competitive rivalry at bottom an industry focusing on the threat of new entrants, the bargaining king of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers and the threat of substitutes.Competitive Rivalry within the Industry (HIGH)With the down-turn in the eco nomy, the major Construction firms have shown contrasting responses to the downturn in public sector construction work, amid warnings that public sector capital investment will drop down by 24% by 2013/ 2014, three of the biggest firms increased their proportion of public sector work won.Balfour Beatty no 1 of the top 100 construction firms moves towards plans for acquisitions of major gas-fired stations. It also uses its US business Parsons Brinkerhoff to become an end-to-end provider for major clients such as SSE. (http//www.cnplus.co.uk/news/balfour-beatty-plans-acquisitions-for-major-gas-fired-stations-move/8643974.article?blocktitle=Top-StoriescontentID=7501)Many of the larger firms are expanding and diversifying their portfolios to stay at the top. Bidding in new categories and offering more. blur identity gives an advantage in contract acquisition however there is a level of fair play in that not all construction companies can carry out the same job specs.The small and med ium enterprises lower down the construction firm ladder however have steep competition as they all go for the same projects and are bidding on the same levels.And everyone on that ladder competes against itself on improving technology, continuous innovation and integration to optimise cost.The flagellum of New Entrants (LOW)The construction Industry is very capital intensive. The brand names in the construction industry are well known and well established, location for most of the top 100 construction firms is not an issue as they can substantially absorb the costs of travel to win work and diversify their portfolios in other countries. Profitability in the construction industry relies heavily on the economies of scale. It does not offer much for consumers switching costs and retaliation from the top 100 would be an issue for a new smaller firm that does not have the heavy capital investments required. restrictive approval and licensing is parnitty-gritty in this industry and it comes with high operational costs.littler firms and businesses operate and do smaller jobs and contracts. They are sub-contracted from the larger construction firms and operate in the local markets. They also offer product and service hires which can prove profitable for them.With larger firms having the intensive capital required, they are able to bid lower than smaller firms and win jobs.dicker Power of Customers (High)The Buyers are the clients and end users of the construction industry. They can be government bodies, a consortium, or high net- worth individuals. As most jobs are won through a tender / bid process, the consumer / customer has a fair amount of force here as they naturally have a recite in who they would like to carry out their project ordinarily based on best price for quality, portfolio, trust in brand, knowledge of brand and in some instances this can be decided by word-of-mouth. Firms train to keep a good name and work ethic to keep business, win repeat bus iness and win new business from referrals.When transaction with residential property, the consumer has the option to also renovate or buy an already done house. So, they do have a fair amount of force.Bargaining power of Suppliers (LOW)Supplies are many and products and services can be substituted. New products are constantly coming into the market and as the construction industry is a future forward one, it would move with the better global trends for goods and services.Most goods have a set non-negotiable price range across placard which leaves the supplier with little or no force on the industry.Threat of Substitutes (LOW)Products and services in the construction industry are as they are it is virtually im workable to substitute them.The rise of the Boat-home, the mobile-caravan homes, and holiday cabins are all short-term substitutes. Many other buildings and large civil construction services cannot be substituted.As explained by (Saidi, OBrien and Lytle, 2008), There is limite d or no direct substitute for the industrys product, some services can be replaced with others within the industry such as the use of robots in place of human labour. Robotic system cut down labour requirements in a Japanese construction site by approximately 30%. It however does not completely substitute the need for human input.THE ORGANISATIONhttp//books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_Strategic_Analysis_of_the_Construction.html?id=hk_VT8JpClMChttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=hk_VT8JpClMCpg=PA11lpg=PA11dq=how+do+i+strategically+analyse+the+construction+industrysource=blots=LF7UCRNx_Ksig=2P8J4vBhZuubow1Ui9bPP3nrbq0hl=ensa=Xei=POsvUfbwLImb1AXrkoDoAgved=0CDsQ6AEwAghttp//www.amazon.co.uk/Strategic-Analysis-Construction-Industry-Emirates/dp/3836699206reader_3836699206http//www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_strategic_analysis_tools_nov07.pdf.pdfhttp//www.economywatch.com/world-industries/construction/research.htmlsthash.U3p84gQD.dpuf)http//www.businessdictionary.com/ de scription/construction-industry.htmlixzz2N8qeZD8MStrategic Management Applied to International ConstructionBy Rodney Howes, Joseph H. M. TanBerge Bjorn, (2009) The Ecology of Building Materials. 2d Edition.Architectural Press(- See more at http//www.economywatch.com/world-industries/construction/research.htmlsthash.U3p84gQD.dpuf)LOOK AT (http//www.sloanvalve.com/Dec11_global_outlook.pdf) reason impairment clears and Impacts quick-witted Disability Causes and ImpactsOutcome 1 Define happy Disability parturiency 11.1 Give 2 definitions of intellectual deterioration in accordance with a recognized source. Follow prescribed APA format when citing sources.Definition 1 capable deterioration causes limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in adaptive behaviors that include many skills which is needed every day. The intrusion age is under 18. fountain FAQ on Intellectual Disability, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, retrieved from http//aai dd.org/intellectual-disability/definition/faqs-on-intellectual-disabilityDefinition 2Intellectual disability is a term used for when people has definite limitations in functioning mentally and in skills such as communicating, performing activities of day-to-day living, and in his or her social behavior. Children with this ability may develop their skills (walking, talking, etc) at a delayed time as compared to normal. They may also have trouble with collaring- it ordinarily takes them a longer time to learn new skills.Source National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.(2005) Intellectual disability, retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/pdf/parents_pdfs/IntellectualDisability.pdf1.2 Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the persons adaptive skillsPeople with intellectual disability have experience impairment in their ability to comprehend information. As a result, they have a steadfastly time wit h reading comprehension, handling money, dealing with poem as well as time.Because of their impaired social functioning, they have object not to get along and socially deal with others. They are not able to recognize the laws of society or have a few limited abilities to follow rules.Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the cognitive abilitiesPersons suffering from intellectual disability have lack of the ability to explain why they do certain things or why certain things happen. This is overdue(p) to their impaired intelligence.Learn and take for what is learnt- Intellectually disabled people have a hard time to gain new knowledge. It is difficult for them to process new information and understand new skills.Age of onset of intellectual disabilityThere is no particular age to have start of the disability. But regarding to some research, it has been shown that it usually happen on the developmental period among 0-18 years old. Outcome 2 Describe the causes of intellectual disabilityTASK 22.1 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur before possess and describe two (2) main characteristics of the effects. object lesson 1 Genetic factorsSource seven-spotcounties.org (2005-2014). Genetic Cause of Intellectual Disabilities, retrieved from http//www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=10335cn=208 of import characteristicsFragile X syndrome Physical features of FXS patients include large ears, long face, macroorchidism, infections in the ears, flat feet, high arched palate, fingers with recapitulate joints and hyper-flexible jointsPrader-Willi Syndrome People with Prader-Willi Syndrome have severe hypotonia. Therefore their sucking is poor in their early infancy.Example 2 Environmental hazards and toxinsSource sevencounties.org (2005-2014). The Many Causes of Intellectual Disabilities, foetal Alcohol Syndrome and Environmental Exposure to Toxins, retrieved from http//sevencou nties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=10333cn=208Main characteristicsFetal Alcohol Syndrome During pregnancy people drink alcohol a lot which might cause fetal alcohol syndrome. People are born with a small head, flat face and nose bridge in the most common features. They tend to be hyperactive and have hard time in socializing.Spinal bifida It is caused lack of folic acid. People with Spinal Bifida usually have such problems as mental and social. In addition, they have hard time with walking, going somewhere and latex allergy, obesity, skin breakdown, depression.2.2 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects.Example 1 TraumaSource Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. (2010-2013). The Merck Manual, Home Health Handbook, retrieved from http//www.merckmanuals.com/home/childrens_health_issues/problems_in_newborns/birth_injury.htmlMain CharacteristicsHead and brainpower injury Swelling of the scalp and bruising may occur due to birth trauma. Bleeding between the periosteum and skull causes hematoma, usually in the parietal sphere and sometimes the occipital region.Nerve Injury when forceps used to assist language puts much pressure on the facial nerve, weakness on one side of the face results. This injury becomes evident when the newborn baby cries and the face appears to be asymmetric.Example2 Premature birth and low birth weight.Source UCSF Childrens Hospital at UCSF Medical Center. 2004. Intensive Care Nursery family unit Manual, retrieved from http//www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/pdf/manuals/20_VLBW_ELBW.pdfMain CharacteristicsHypothermia Low birth weight infants have a great body surface area. Thus, a decrease stores of brown fat and glycogen which results to an inability to conserve or generate body heat.Respiratory incommode Syndrome (RDS) Respiratory problems due to a lack in surfactant and apnea of prematureness2.3 Give 2 examples of causes of intelle ctual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact on the day-to-day oppose needs of the person.Example 1 Brain TumorSource PMC US National program library of Medicine, National get of Health. January 2008. Caring for the Brain Tumor Patient Family phencyclidine burden and unmet needs., retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600839/ImpactPatients with brain tumor need various supports in their day to day lives. Psychosocial support is one of them. It is important for them to learn how to storage area the stress of a chronic illness, as family members realize that their lives will be forever changed by the uncertainty that surrounds this diagnosis. It is therefore important for the support provider to make sure the patient and family understands the impact of this illness to them and provide them of ways on how to cope and possibly live a close to normal life. Also, for the caregivers, it is important that they are forever prepared fo r the possibility of disease progression. withal though a patient is stable for a certain period of time, the caregiver will always feel the wear and tear of fondness for this patient. Thus, it is important to make sure that caregivers are also taken cared of to ensure quality care.Example 2 MeningitisSource Kelli de la Rocha (2014). Intellectual disability. NYU Langone medical checkup center. retrieved from http//pediatrics.med.nyu.edu/conditions-we-treat/conditions/intellectual-disabilityImpactChildren with intellectual disability caused by meningitis cant learn skills and any knowledge as fast as other children with same age. So supporters need to wait for their achievement with patient. And also they need to be aware of the risk that the children experience seizure, and then they should be trained for heading with them suffering seizure.Outcome 3 Describe conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability.TASK 3Condition 1 rational paralyzeCauses/sintellectual p aralyze can be caused by having injury of brain before brain development is completed. Usually brain develops within 2 years after birth, so cerebral Palsy can be occurred during prenatal or infant period. And birth complication can also cause this condition. But many cases get this condition from unknown causes before birth.Main characteristic 1Cerebral Palsy is characterized by motor function impairment. It causes activity limitation.Main characteristic 2People with Cerebral Palsy exhibit cognitive and sensory impairments.Physical supportPeople with Cerebral Palsy suffer from hypotonic and rigidity. So physical therapy is usable to support them physically. Effective physical therapy can help them to improve their muscle. Recent studies report that intensive exercise is effective. So support worker can make a schedule for resistive exercise four times per week.Social supportPeople with Cerebral Palsy can be well isolated because of their handicaps. So support workers need to re duce barriers to participation in activities of school, work and society. To participate in activities, many devices are necessary. If the client cant walk, using wheelchair could be helpful to go watching football games and cheer a team.Cognitive supportPeople with Cerebral Palsy can be normal intellectually, but they have difficulty in learning because of limitation of hearing, seeing, and movement. So for supporting them cognitively, support worker needs to help their study by give them affluent time to understand and express or adjust knowledge. And support worker can provide some aids to improve their speech.Source/s Karen W. Krigger, M.D., M.ED., university of Louisville school of Medicine, Cerebral Palsy An Overview, Kentucky Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jan 1 73(1) 91-100, retrieved from http//www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.htmlCondition 2 Prader-Willi SyndromeCauses/sPrader-Willi Syndrome is caused by genetic abnormality. They have the chromosome number 15 without genetic inform ation that normally people have from the father. It is thought to occur entirely by chance.Main characteristic 1People with Prader-Willi Syndrome have severe hypotonia. So their sucking is poor in their early infancy.Main characteristic 2Obesity is commonly caused. This is a result of an excessive appetite, a unchanging feeling of hunger, and hyperphagia or overeating, and a low calorific requirement which is due to low energy expenditure levels.Physical supportPeople with Prader-Willi Syndrome cant control their eating because they always feel hunger. Furthermore, they can easily become obesity that causes many complications. To prevent them from being obesity, support workers need to give exercise outside where they cant find food easily. They need regular and continual exercise, so it is important to make a schedule with various and interesting exercise to them.Social supportThey should take daily food intake under supervision. Once people between 2 and 4 years old start to over eat, supervision will assist them to minimize food and prevent them from being obesity. Parents make sure that they can easily open refrigerators and cabinets containing food to eat. It is extremely necessary for them to have a well-balanced, low-calorie diet and regular exercise and should be maintained for all of the individuals life.Cognitive supportPeople who have PWS usually suffer from unconditional their emotions. It is helpful to use behavioral therapy which helps them with their emotions. Losing temple, stubbornness and obsessive compulsive behavior as well as obsession with food have to be coped with behavioral management programs using firm limit-setting strategies.Source Andres Martin, M.D, 1998, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Am J Psychiatry 1998 1551265-1273, retrieved from http//ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=173004Condition 3 AutismCause/sAutism, a kind of neurodevelopmental disorder is defined by their behavior. But it is caused from various kind of brain dysfunction that affects the ability to handle information. In many cases, there is a genetic component.Main characteristic 1People who have autism have impairment in many areas of development. They have difficulty in reciprocal interaction and have learning disability.Main characteristic 2People with autism have lack of social and communication skill. Their behavior is not typical, but many babies with autism have tendency to overly focus on certain object. They also have poor eye contact and lose interest in others easily.Physical supportThey have difficulty with making balance, gait and delicate motor skill. To improve their muscle tone, support workers need to provide regular physical fitness besides it is also important to be provided properly when they exercise.Social supportChildren with autism may have the high risk of peer rejection and social isolation. To improve social skill, it is necessary to establish the relationship with support worker. Support workers need to provi de practice proper and positive answer as much more as possible in social group. That is why they can learn facial express and eye contact.Cognitive supportPeople with autism have cognitive impairment, so they cant be aware of their needs and cope with their mood. It can cause anxiety. It needs for them to recognize their mood. For this reason, support workers can give enough opportunities to express and verbalize their mood and feeling for recognizing their mood.Source National Institute of Mental Health, 2011, A Parents Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder, retrieved from http//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/a-parents-guide-to-autism-spectrum-disorder/parent-guide-to-autism.pdf pansy Solomon A History female monarch Solomon A HistoryKing SolomonKing Solomon was the third and the greatest king of Israel. He was the second son of David by his wife Bathsheba, and the acknowledged favourite of his father (Oussani). Solomon is mostly known for his great information and just soul. H is main accomplishmen, the construction of the temple of the LORD in Jerusalem, also made him well-known and honorable among his people and among other nations as well. Apart from great wisdom, matinee idol also gave Solomon sharp heart, wealth, and honour, but still, at the end, this didnt prevent him from making the mistake of following other gods. immortal compete the major role in the kings life. Since the day Solomon was born, the LORD guided him through his properlyeous life he made him a successful, wise and acute ruler, helped govern the nation, and build the temple and the the palace in Jerusalem. The fact that Solomon asked God to give him wisdom to govern his people, not long and joyful life, great power and wealth, makes us admire the king and honour his purpose to put the prosperity of his people before his own needs.Long before Solomon grew up and became a powerful king of Israel, we, the readers of the Bible, could foresee his upcoming success. God always was wi th him since the day he was born, and because the LORD loved him, he sent word through Nathan the prophet to name him Jedidiah (2 Samuel 1225). The name Jedidiah means loved by the LORD.Solomons wisdom was greater than the wisdom of all the men of the country (1 Kings 430). He used his astude and wise mind to rule over his nation and to educate people. He gave them useful knowledge about plants, animals, birds, reptiles and fish. The king became famous and honourable, not only among his people, but also among other nations. Man of all nations came to listen to Solomons wisdom, sent by all the kings of the world, who had heared of his wisdom (1 Kings 434).Apart from having a great wisdom, Solomon was also a just and keen judge. The scene in which two women ask him to decide who is the real incur of the child is the most famous example in which the king uses his discerning heart to jugde people. Solomon didnt even need any evidences or the witnesses to make the right judgemen.Soon after ascending his fathers throne, Solomon bagan to build the Holy Temple (Schoenber). He was controling the whole process of building it. The temple and its construction were very important for the king. By this, he showed his gratitude towards God and also fulfiled the intention of his father David. It took Solomon seven years to build the temple. In the end he also brought up the ark of the LORDs covenant in it.During his life, Solomon composed 3,000 proverbs (Shoenberg), which are mostly related to peoples day-after-day life. Through centuries, his proverbs helped people telling them how to live a righteous and successful life and teaching them how to be right before God Do not envy a violent man or opt any of his ways, for the LORD detests a perverse man but takes the secure into his confidence (Proverbs 331-32) Nowadays, we can still extract some useful knowledge from these proverbs and use it to make our lifes better.One of the proverbs that we can find in the book of Pro verbs tells The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and discipline (Proverbs 17). After becoming familiar with this proverb and knowing that Solomon was wise, and that the LORD is a jealous God, the following question arises Why did Solomon follow other gods? Only after God had punished him, Solomon understood that he did evil in the look of the LORD. Then, after Solomons confessions, which were not completely sincere, God showed his mercy on the king, but after his death, the LORD divided the farming into two, and the son of Solomon got the smallest part of it.According to the Bible, Solomon was the greatest king in the gray-haired Testament, who ruled over the people of Israel about three thousand years ago (Maris). Thanks to his wise and discerning heart, that he got from the LORD, the king had no equals. Being a successful ruler and a just judge, Solomon taught people, had reinforced the temple for the Name of the LORD his God in Jerusalem , and had written 3,000 proverbs (Schoenberg). in spite of of his great wisdom that was given to him by God, Solomon did evil in the eyes of the LORD and followed the gods of his wifes. Still, he is remembered as a great and wise king. Wouldnt it be better if our governers would follow his example of being just and discerning towards the people?ReferencesMaris, Micki. About the Proverbs of Solomon. Proverbs of Solomon Family Discussion Guide. 11 Dec. 2009 Oussani, Gabriel. Solomon. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 11 Dec. 2009 .Schoenberg, Shira. Solomon. Judaic Virtual Library. 11 Dec. 2009 //www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html